Saturday, December 28, 2019

Essay on Taoism - 1326 Words

Taoism Taoism originated in China during the 300s BC. It has been part of the Chinese culture for 2,000 years. It was during the same time period as Confucianism, but had opposite ideas and morals, yet it was equally as important as Confucianism in Chinese history. Taoism began as a reaction to historical situations(c1), and became a philosophy of the natural way. The word Tao actually means road or way. Taoism has had a large impact on art and literature, and had been greatly influenced by Chinese folk religion. Folk religion says that most gods were actually just people who displayed heroic qualities. The priests conducted public rituals. Many Taoists seek careers in astronomy, herbal remedies, and alchemy, among†¦show more content†¦The three treasures(c4) are said to be deep love, frugality(c4), and not trying to be better than anyone else. Those who carry treasure(s) are good people. Love everything around you, and treat everyone equally with kindness and goodness in your heart, even if they do not treat you that way. Repay hatred with virtue(c4), and if you do not know something, realize this. You have superior virtue if you are good, enlightening, peaceful, and your life is long. Taoism is the mother and ancestor of all things,(c2) says Lao Tzu (surnamed Li). Lao Tzu is from the sixth century BC, and was born in 604 BC. He wrote the Tao Te Ching, which is made up of 5,000 words. This book can also be called the Classic of Tao and Its Virtues. This is one of the most influential books in China. The Analects of Confucius is the most influential, however. The Tao Te Ching was not actually written until after Lao Tzus life had ended, but the ideas were said to be his. The exact date that the book was written is not actually known. He said that Taoism is not something you can hear or see, but it is vague and elusive(c2). Lao Tzu ignored government, ethics, and virtue. The Tao seems to bring peace to the Taoist and his/her surroundings. Wu Wei means, taking no unnatural action. Tao does not turn against anything, but many things are accomplished. The Taoist simply follows nature, and succeeds in happiness this way. They say that the bestShow MoreRelated Taoism : The Philosophy Of Taoism1496 Words   |  6 Pageseverywhere, very few understand the long history contained within the two spiraling hemispheres. Monochrome, yet it represents the colorful and ambiguous philosophy of Taoism. The ideology of Taoism, much like the yin-yang, is very simple although very profound and intricate. The three most distinctive elements which define the worldview of Taoism are the Tao, the nature of mankind, and the Wu Wei. The Tao or â€Å"the Way† originated in China around 500-600 B.C. during the Warring States period. As the firesRead MoreTaoism951 Words   |  4 PagesTaoism Taoism is a religion as well as a philosophy that can be dated all the way back to around 500 B.C. It is one of the two dominant religions in China. Taoism is also termed â€Å"Daoism† in the more common language system, called Hanyu Pinyin, representing Chinese letters using Roman letters and is more commonly used amongst China and around the world. Like the Christian faith, they too use a sacred book, Tao Te Ching written by the great Sage, Lao Tzu as a guidance. This text has been translatedRead Moretaoism Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis for Taoism. This religion believes that we should put away our desires of ambition to seek harmony with the forces of nature. Interestingly enough, Taoism is a very passive religion that strives for peace. One of the main symbols that are associated with this religion is the Ying Yang symbol. The yin represents the male, and the yang represents the female. If you look closely at this symbol, you will see that each side of the symbol has a little bit of the counterpart. Taoism is a religionRead MoreHinduism And Taoism1301 Words   |  6 Pages1. Compare and contrast various views of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Taoism. Hinduism, one of the oldest religions refers to the collection of faiths and originated in India. Hinduism was brought to India by nomadic people thousands of years ago and is a polytheistic system with various gods and goddesses as well as lesser deities. Hinduism is related to Buddhism because many early ideas found in Hinduism influenced the Buddhist teachings. Founded in the fifth century by Gautama Siddhartha Buddha,Read MoreTaoism Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: Taoism Taoism A Brief Overview When first deciding to write my term paper on Taoism I thought it would be just another religion. In my research I found so many different translations that my head started spinning. There are really no known facts about the founder of Taoism, Lao Tsu, except that he was possibly a contemporary of Confucius. He was searching for a way that would avoid the constant feudal warfare and other conflicts that disrupted society during his lifetimeRead MoreMusic in Taoism1224 Words   |  5 PagesTaoist Music: The Great Depiction of Yin-Yang Philosophy Taoism, also known as Daoism, is an indigenous Chinese religion with its origin traced to the sage Laozi (Lao-tzu), a philosopher of ancient China believed to have lived in the sixth century B.C.E (Little 115). In Chinese, Dao means way or path,† which is the appropriate way to behave and to lead others — but the Daode jing also refers to Tao as something that existed before Heaven and Earth, a primal and chaotic matrix from which allRead MoreTaoism : Religion And Religion1428 Words   |  6 Pages Taoism Religion Taoism is one of the great philosophical and religious traditions that’s originated in China. It is a unique and interesting religion, due to the fact that many Taoists do not even consider it a religion. In many ways it can be seen as not a religion but more of a philosophy. The Taoists never claimed that the Tao ever existed. This separates them from other religions because there is no debate or battle on the Taoist doctrine. The individuality and open-mindedness has allowed theRead MoreTaoism Is Not The True Tao1982 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Taoism? Answering that question turned out to be much harder than I thought, is it a religion, a philosophy or a way of life? The more I researched, the deeper I got into it and the deeper I got in to it, the more it made my head spin. Taoism is described as being, indescribable, undefinable, and nameless, in the words of the great sage Laozi â€Å"That which can be named is not the true Tao†. The translation for Tao is â€Å"the way†, it is the origin of everything, and it is heaven, earth and humanityRead MoreTaoism As A Philosophy Or Religion?1917 Words   |  8 Pagesreligion or philosophy comes to mind, Taoism is often unheard of and is shrouded with mystery. While this is true, its rich history and ideologies are both profound and intriguing. Taoism is one of the oldest and most ancient philosophies known to mankind. There are many theories as to just how old the customs are. Taoism is also referred to as Daoism which is a more precise way of articulating the word in English to match the pronunciation of the Chinese word. Taoism is often entitled as a philosophyRead MoreEssay about Taoism1821 Words   |  8 Pageshistory, Taoism has been one of the most influential religions of Eastern culture. This is certainly one of the most unique of all religions. Many Taoists, in fact, do not even consider it a religion; and in many ways it is not. Taoists make no c laim that the Tao exists. That is what essentially separates Taoism from the rest of the world religions: there is no heated debate or battle over Taoist doctrine; there have been no crusades to spread the religion. The very essence of Taoism is quite

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Success Of College Success - 867 Words

Every individual has a different way to define success. The dictionary itself, which we are all originally taught from, defines success as being an accomplishment of an aim or purpose. Therefore, college success varies tremendously throughout the universities, cities, and most importantly the students themselves. Leadership, whether we look at it from the same stand point or not, is something that everyone has. If it is spoken out more, we tend to call those individuals more of leaders then those who don’t speak out as much. However, everyone has their own insight on where they want to be, who they want to be and how they want to get there. All of which is led by the personal leadership and motivation within a specific person. Because of our incredible differences, college success is accomplished by the necessity of self-leadership skills. These skills are deemed necessary because for everyone, achievement comes in many forms, less control of group leadership usually means mor e flexibility with time, and success is based on one’s own expectations accurately established on a majority of students who show lack of leadership that tend to parade their initiatives within their focused work. Achievement has been known to be something completed by effort, courage and skill. All three of which you would expect to find within those we call leaders. Despite what some believe, everyone, even those born with disabilities, acquire courage and skill to their own level, as well as theShow MoreRelatedCollege Is Not For Success1258 Words   |  6 Pages College has always been the ideal pathway to success, but with the recent low job turnout rate of college graduates, there has been success in technical studies that shoot students straight into well paying careers. There are numerous jobs that do not need higher education and still make a considerable amount of money. Success is the favorable or prosperous outcome of determination and aspirations. College has proven unnecessary to success, the job market is uncertain and with the competitivenessRead More College Success Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesSkills That Are Important For College Success University Of Phoenix Gen 300 Skills For Professional Development nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It seems in the society we live in today, having a college degree is a necessity. Years ago it was the norm for people to just go right into a full time job after high school, if they even finished high school; they did this to support their families. In today’s society a person has a difficult time getting a decent job without a college degree. During an adultsRead MoreIs College Necessary For Success?2033 Words   |  9 PagesCollege: Is College Necessary For Success? Alex Tabarrok once said, â€Å"Education is the key to the future: You’ve heard it a million times, and it’s not wrong. Educated people have higher wages and lower unemployment rates, and better-educated countries grow faster and innovate more than other countries. But going to college is not enough. You also have to study the right subjects† (Reich par. 5). This quote is a very popular quote because it is a true to connection to education. The general assumptionRead MoreCollege Is A Place For Success1222 Words   |  5 PagesWhen college students taking their first steps onto a college campus, they can finally feel the independence that they were looking for. College can be a place for success as well as a place for partying. However, attending college will comes with many struggles. It is right that college is one of the most important parts in people’s life, but it is not easy for everyone. Most of students feel stressed in college because they ha ve to face different varieties of of struggles. For example, some studentsRead MoreSuccess or Failure in College572 Words   |  2 Pagesthat 20% of students dropout college because they couldn’t handle the academic work? Most people believe that college is the main key for getting a good job. Thousands of students are enrolling in college in the United States every year. However, some of them quit college after the freshman year. Learning about success in college is very important. All students should learn about success in college, which will give them a full idea of how they can be successful in college. There are many things thatRead MoreThe College Success Course646 Words   |  3 Pagesgo to college but the lack of higher education affects the entire community as a whole. Without a bachelor’s degree, students are less likely to be employed, more likely to live in poverty, and are less active citizens of their community. Students with a low level of education ar e also more likely of welfare dependency and crime. In order to raise the 12% college educated citizens in Bogalusa, high school juniors and seniors of Bogalusa High School should be required to complete a college successRead MoreCollege is the Gateway to Success881 Words   |  4 Pagestheme or symbol across several articles or sources. I analyzed the following three articles in search of a common strand, â€Å"College is a Waste of Time† by Dale Stephens, â€Å"Importance of a college education† by Jeff McGuire, and lastly â€Å"Why Liberal Arts Matters† by Micheal S. Roth. After carefully analyzing all three of the articles, I chose â€Å"higher education is the gateway to success as my strand. This is a reoccurring point across all three articles; while not all the opinions are alike, they still correlateRead More Success in College Essay2210 Words   |  9 Pages Section One Managing Your TIME nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The frist thing that a new college student must learn how to do is to stay organized and learn to decipher their priorities. By doing so you will make sure you never; miss an appointment, forget to do a homework assignment, and loose sight of time when doing a project or paper. (Waiting to the last minute never allows for your best work to be done) A planner is the best way to keep everything in order and well organized. Withier itRead MoreCollege Success Essays1891 Words   |  8 Pages College Success What does it mean to be successful? Many people look at the word success from different views. The dictionary defines success in two ways: the accomplishment of one’s goals and then the attainment of wealth or position. I believe you can be successful in two ways as well: you can be successful in your career and you can be successful by doing what makes you happy and living a fulfilling life to your standards. You don’t have to have a huge mansion on top of a private hillRead MoreThe Success Of College Sports1720 Words   |  7 Pages Title In the past few decades college sports have grown immensely in popularity nationwide, especially when the bigger events such as March Madness and the College Football National Championship arise. Even though the NCAA considers themselves to be a non profit organization, March Madness is such a huge event that in 2011 the NCAA made an agreement with CBS Sports and Turner Broadcasting System to let them broadcast the games until 2024 for $10.8 billion, but during March Madness they make

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Handbook of the international financial management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Handbook of the international financial management. Answer: Transaction exposure: The financial transactions denominated in foreign currencies are subjected to exchange rate fluctuations which are to be deal with effectively by the organization using different techniques. Accounts receivable: The financial statements of the company is reported and prepared in US dollars. However, significant portion of the revenue and expenditures of the company are transacted in Euro, Canadian dollar, Pound starling Swiss francs and Mexican pesos. Though the company uses hedging technique however, it is not possible to hedge each and every single transactions which are denominated in foreign currency (Lastra 2015). Thus, the financial performance as well as financial position of the company are affected due to the fluctuations of foreign currencies in relation to US dollars. The accounts receivable of the company over the years have significantly been influenced due to the fluctuations of foreign currencies. It can be seen especially as the US dollars is relatively strong currency compare to other foreign currencies in which the company operates the accounts receivable balances denominated in foreign currencies have often reduced in terms of their values in US dollars. The accounts recei vables have been hedged to ensure there is no adverse effect on the final receipts of the receivables due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates (Brooke 2016). Accounts payable: The fluctuations of foreign currency exchange rates vice a versa US dollars have also include the accounts payable balance in the financial statements of the company and with it, the financial position of the company. The accounts payable represents the amount that the company owes to its creditors in relation to the revenue expenditures of the company (Cavusgil et al. 2014). The foreign currencies in which the company operates all have adversely fluctuated in relation to the US dollars as a result of which the financial position of the company have been effected. The accounts payable mostly in foreign currencies have been translated using the closing exchange rates of different foreign currencies in exchange of US dollars. Since most of the foreign currencies have all depreciated as against US dollars the accounts payable balances have shown significantly lower balance with translation of foreign accounts payable in US dollars (Titman et al.2017). The accounts payable balance as a result of depreciation of foreign currencies at the date of the reporting of the financial statements of the company the accounts payable balances which have been translated using the closing exchange rates of foreign currencies as against the US dollars thus, the accounts payable balances have reduced significantly (Deresky 2017). Short term asset: The Short-term asset of the company have also been affected due the fluctuation of foreign exchange rates against the US dollars. The company have significant portion of its activities which are transacted in foreign currencies. As a result there are number of short term assets which accrue to the company from its core business operations. The short term assets which are denominated in currencies different from US dollars have obviously depreciated over the last financial year to result in financial losses for the company (Viterbo 2018). The short term assets of the company would not have been depreciated had the company reported its financial results in currency different from the US dollars. Hence, the short-term asset of the company has also been depreciated due to the translation of the balances in short term asset using US dollars. The short term assets of the company which are denominated in foreign currencies have been hedged to ensure that the transaction expose for such asse ts are within the limits. The reporting currency of the company being US dollar which is one of the strongest currencies across the globe has certainly helped the company to pay off its short term liabilities from the collection of the short term assets denominated in foreign currencies. Reference Brooke, M.Z., 2016.Handbook of international financial management. Springer. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Deresky, H., 2017.International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Lastra, R.M., 2015.International financial and monetary law. Oxford University Press. Titman, S., Keown, A.J. and Martin, J.D., 2017.Financial management: Principles and applications. Pearson. Viterbo, A., 2018. The Role of the International Financial Institutions in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries. InPeace Maintenance in Africa(pp. 111-134). Springer, Cham.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Octavio Paz Essays - Guggenheim Fellows, Octavio Paz, The Paz Show

Octavio Paz Amelia Freno Mrs.Broglie Multi-Culture Unit 3 Febuary 2001 Ocatavio Paz: rags to riches ?This is an irreplacceable loss for contemporary thought and culture - not just for Latin America but for the entire world,? said Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo. This was the common lost shared world-wide. Octavio Paz was known for many things in his lifetime such as his works of poetry and essays, because of his fine works of arts he often received many awards and recognizations for his skills and abilities in writing. Paz's writings often reflect his personal childhood experiences and allowed him to incorperation his culture and perspection of this native surroundings. Octavio Paz lets his culture shine though his works in many ways paz often descrides his native backrounds, interwinded certain slang words and examplifies his childhood experiences throughout his writings. Octavio Paz was born on March 31 1914 in Mexico City. Both sides of Paz's family came from different ethnic roots. His Fathers side was a group known as Mestizo from a state known as Jalisco. His Father was a lawyer who was involed in the Mexican Revolution. His grandfather was a well known jurnalist who fought against the French. Octavio's mother's side were purely Spanish imigrants. As a young boy Octavio Paz experienced the result of urbanlization to his village, Paz recalls: ?We lived in a large house with a garden. Our family had been impoverished by the revolution and the civil war. Our house, full of antique furniture, books and other objects, was gradually crumbling to bits. As rooms collapsed we moved the furnitur into another. I remember that for a long time I lived in a spacious room with part of one of the walls missing. Some magnificent screens protected me inadequately from the wind and rain . A creeper invaded my room......?. The civl war and Mexican Revolution seems to have a great effect on his writings. It seems to have given Paz a greater sense of domestics and pride for his culture and native lands. Octavios father was on influence on him because he had taken part as a lawyer in the Mexican Revolution, which gave Paz a sence of reality in the revolution. Paz probably got his unique writting abilities from his grandfather who often attacked the French . This makes it amazing that Paz's writings can be so calm with his influences being so bold. That shows Paz has the qualtities to be independant and go against the fades. The biggest influence on Paz's writing is not a person ,but a thing. It is his garden in his backyard. Octavio makes many references to this jungle like garden in his writings. Octavio even refered to this garden in his 1990 noble speech: ? The Garden soon became the centre of my world; the library, an enchanted cave . I used to read and play with my cousins and schoolmates. There was a fig, temple of vegetation, four pine trees, three ash tress, a nightshade, a pomegranate tree, wild grass and prickly plants that produced purple grazes. Adobe walls. Time was elastic; space was a spinning wheel. All time, past or future, real or imaginary, was pure presence. Space transformed itself ceaselessly. The beyond was here, all was here: a vally, a mountain, a distant country, the neighboors' patio....? Octavio bases many of his poems on his enchantment with the garden. Paz had great respect for his culture, he appoached the differences and tried to live within the set rules of his ethnic roots. The Mexicans/Spaniards are known as hard works and appeciate their earnings. Octavio went though many rough times as a child such as when Zapata ( a peasant leader of Mexico's 1910-1920 revolution) was murdered in 1919, and the Paz family went into brief exile in Los angeles and there they were selling pieces of furniture to make ends meet. Octavio soon made things change for himself. Paz with his interlecture mind and his politic sense was sure to be going far. At the age of 16 he got his first poem published and a year later he got his first essay published. In 1937 he travelled to many countries such as Valenica and Spain to participate in the International Congress of Anti-Fascist Writers. He made his trip back to Mexico in 1938 we he began to establish a journal called Taller, a journal

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Poetry and Worldly Wealth free essay sample

Andrew Lang describes the truth about money and what it meant to people in the 1800s and 1900s. He uses repetition to clearly explain his ideas. Lang believes that money could either be good or it could be evil, I guess it all depends in how you use it and appreciate it. The people in this poem are priests, soldiers, captains etc. The main idea is about how some and most people only do things for money. The â€Å"Ballad of Worldly Wealth,† is a depiction of how money can bring pride and corruption into our society. The form of this poem is a ballad. A ballads contents include 3 stanzas, at least 8 lines in each stanza, and a refrain (a repeated phrase at the end point of a poem) a refrain in example of the Ballad of Worldly Wealth is â€Å"Youth, and health, and Paradise† The author used artificial imagery to characterize money as both a staple in society, and as the icon of the worlds power and corruption. We will write a custom essay sample on Poetry and Worldly Wealth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is several rhetoric patterns found in the poem. The rhyme pattern is an End rhyme. Poems with end rhyme are those whose last word of every line ends with a word that rhymes, for example: â€Å"While the tides shall ebb and (flow); Money maketh Evil (show)† Flow and show are two separate words, however both have rhyming sounds. Also displayed is parallel construction, a sentence, idea or clause that is presented with an opposing idea. In this statement, â€Å"Money moves the merchants all, While the tides shall ebb and flow; Money maketh Evil show, Like the Good, and Truth like lies† it can be seen that the opposition is of that money is what makes the world go round. However money also creates greed, and makes the people see the money as a good thing, when really its all a lie.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

clarence thomas essays

clarence thomas essays Although I will say that this isnt the most detailed paper it can save you come research time! Clarence Thomas is a Supreme Court Justice, who has been under criticism since the day that he was appointed. Thomas has been chastised for his views on Affirmative Action and his views on African-Americans evolution into the mainstream of our society. Chief Justice Thomas, since his appointment has been marked as a far right conservative. In the beginning of his tenure he was labeled as Chief Justice Scalias, second vote. Since then Thomas has removed himself from this shadow to show insight on his own conservative ideas. Clarence Thomas was born on June 23, 1948 in Pin Point, Georgia. Thomas is a child of Mr. M.C. Thomas and Leola Anderson. He grew up in a single-mother household. Thomass father abandoned him and his mother, Leola, when he was two. Times were hard for his family, and his mother later sent him and his brother to live with his grandfather, Myers Anderson in Savannah, Georgia. His grandfather instilled in Clarence that education would be his key to unlocking the door to a successful life. He wanted him to overcome the color boundaries that were present during this time in Americas history. Clarence Thomas has an extensive educational background. Thomas attended an all black high school in Savannah before dropping out and enrolling at St. John Vianney Minor Seminary. Thomas withdrew at his grandfathers urging to become a minister. After his graduation form St. John Vianney Minor Seminary he was accepted to Immaculate Conception Seminary. However, he once again withdrew, this time because of the racial events that had occurred while attending. At this time Holy Cross University began recruiting black students and he was accepted. Thomas worked hard to not only succeed and graduate, but to excel in his classes. He graduated ninth in his class at Holy Cross, in 197...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Modern Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modern Workplace - Essay Example (Take from presentation and paper work on work stress and health. Scheduled in 2003 in Toronto) We have now more racially diverse work force, older and has larger number of women. More over the workforce is being reshaped by new ways of dependent work , contract labor, and employment practices. But we haven't understood yet that what will be the effect of this on the worker health and safety in today's changing workplace. Another major problem is sexual harassment. The women's lobby in Europe states that around 40 to 50% of the women have experienced some form of sexual harassment or unwanted sexual behavior in the workplace.( Taken from Dziech et al 1990, Boland 2002). In United States Of America around 15000 cases of sexual harrasment have been brought to U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commision (EEOC) each year. Where as a study from Hong Kong states that one third of sexual harassment victims are males who are being targeted by female supervisors at the work place. The chair person of Equal Opportunity Commission, Jenny Watson, says that: ' it affects both women and men, causing stress, health problems and financial penalties when they leave their jobs to avoid it'. (Dziech, 1990) and (Dziech et al 1990, Boland 2002) Technology is the commanding force in todays work place , technologically literate people uses tools, materials, systems,

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Renaissance and Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Renaissance and Reformation - Essay Example Prior to this period, the pope was generally recognized as the spiritual leader by all Christians in the west, who adhered to the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. However, following the reformation, there was a proliferation of churches opposed to the pope, and this gave rise to a number of churches that exists to date. On the other hand, renaissance means rebirth in the French language. The period marked a rebirth in the human spirit, creativity. It gave to the rise of new ideas, which had various impacts on the social structure of the French, and the Holy Roman Empire. The essence of this paper is to compare and contrast the impacts, on the social fabric of France and Holy Roman Empire. The Catholic Church was faced with a great schism between the years 1378-1417, which was given impetuous by a papal scandal that (Hunt et al, 2010, 405) negatively and severely impacted on the spiritual life. The papacy had been moved from Rome to Avignon, and was heavily influenced by the Fr ench monarchy. This brought distraught among the Christians, particularly the Italians, who were angered by the continued election of the French Popes. Marsilius of Padua, through his writings in the defender of peace (1324) argued that since the source of all power lay within the people, who were the effective source of law. Accordingly, since the people created the church, they ought to be involved in the election of the pope. Pope Gregory finally succumbed to the pressures and returned the papacy to Rome in 1377. The Romans were determined than ever to lose the papacy again, and therefore lobbied the election of an Italian pope. Consequently, Urban V was elected as the pope, and he curtailed the powers and privileges of cardinals. This angered the cardinals, some of whom elected Clement VII as the pope and who moved back to Avignon. Thus, the church was split into two, and this caused a lot of hate and discord among the Christians in Europe, with each group excommunicating the fo llowers of the other (Hunt et al, 2010, 410). The council of Europe met in 1414-1418 to resolve this standoff, and precipitate reforms in the church. This marked the end of schism, in that, one single pope; Martin V was elected, while all the important rulers in the world withdrew allegiance to the Avignon papacy. Therefore, the Holy Roman Empire prevailed over France. However, the Schism had a far reaching impact among the Christians, and affected the social fabric of both France and the Holy Roman Empire equally. The Christians were deeply worried about their salvation and they sought some other forms of religious solace. The plenary indulgence which was originally used for the crusaders who died, was extended to all those who made a pilgrimage to Rome or other designated holy places. The clergy and the laity became more interested in the religious education of the young in order to deepen their faith and the spiritual life. New ways to deepen the faith of the Christians came into being. Portable images of Mary, mother of God, and those of passion of Christ proliferated, so that the ordinary Christians would contemplate them, throughout the day, at the convenient moments. To add, the advent of the printing press was employed by the people who purchased commissioned book of hours that contained the prayers that could be said at the appropriate hours of the day and hours. France, unlike the Holy Roman Empire emerged as a strong and powerful unitary state, within the meaning of sovereignty that is applicable today. France made quick recovery from the hundred year’s war and greatly expanded under Louis XI. He captured a lot of territory,

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Semantics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Semantics - Research Paper Example The discussion ascertains that while metaphors refer to objects that are identical, similes refer to objects that are similar. Humans are social beings who interact at different levels during the execution of their duties. The roles that each of them play are distinctive and in some cases, these overlap. In most instances, they require the help of others in a bid to function optimally. Communication is an important medium through which they understand and appreciate the demands of each other. Language is particularly of great importance because it enables them to understand each other and exist in a harmonic manner. Through a common language, they are able to eliminate social conflicts that have detrimental effects on their very wellbeing. The language that a community adopts is in most instances derived from the environment that the respective community inhabits. It is widely agreed that figurative language is commonly used by communities for various purposes. Typical examples of figurative language include metaphors and similes. This paper provides an in depth analysis of the differences between metaphors and similes. In his research, Heidrich (2004) indicates that metaphors and similes play distinctive roles in communication. They are mostly employed for clarification purposes especially because they make references to things that the particular community is conversant with. In particular, they help in relating the respective information to the objects that they are being compared to. With this, the audience can be able to clearly understand the concepts being passed across. Roberts and Kreuz (1994) assert that this is important because it eases communication and prevents conflicts that are likely to strain social relations and undermine the holistic functioning of the society. Nonetheless, there are unique differences between these two figures of speech. It is widely agreed that most people get confused about

Friday, November 15, 2019

Death Is A Natural Process

Death Is A Natural Process Abstract Death is a natural process experienced by every being. Yet, societys attitude towards death and dying has become one of fear and avoidance. The intention of this essay was to consider factors that account for the gradual shift in social perceptions of death. The exploration of historical experiences of death identified the link between an increased awareness and fear of mortality, with the impact of medicalisation. It acknowledges how the radical improvements within healthcare have limited societys exposure to death by reducing the number of premature deaths. Adaptations to the care of the dying are also associated with the prevalence of the medical profession and the decline of religious influence. The essay highlights sociological concerns over the isolation of the dying, particularly when care provision is confined within the hospital environment, causing death to be hidden from society. The diverse rituals and traditions demonstrated by a variety of cultures were examined, along with the contrast in burial rites between the social classes. The psychological impact of death discussed the potential of creating a perpetual fear of dying, through childhood socialisation of death and grief. Removal of such fear and misconception is associated with the vision of palliative care. Evaluation of its strategy identified its aim to improve quality of life by promoting informed choice and patient focused care. It also acknowledged the limitations of its resources and the restriction of services to specific conditions. The culmination of all factors expressed within the essay is fundamental to the changes in social attitudes. An increased awareness of mortality and the desire to prolong life wherever possible has contributed to a fear and denial of death. Overall, social perceptions of death and dying are subjective to cultural diversity and are adaptive to the dynamics of society. In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes (Franklin, 1789, cited in The Phrase Finder, 2013). The words of Benjamin Franklin signify the reality of deaths undeniable role in natural existence. Yet, the subject of death is more widely associated with morbidity than a universal biological process. Prior to the 19th century, very little research or literature featured such a taboo subject. This essay will explore changes in social attitudes to death and dying, with particular focus on changes in historical patterns, rituals and traditions and the progression of the hospice movement. Pre-modern society was well acquainted with death; the event, though tragic, was encountered with little surprise or overwhelming fear. The historical perspectives of death will outline the contrast between such awareness and acceptance of mortality during the Middle Ages, to modern societys focus on prevention and cure. The rituals and traditions surrounding death will consider the burial rites associated with social and economic status and present the symbolic interpretations of diverse cultures within society. The sociological impact of death will appraise the social disruptions caused by grief, and the positive social functions of death that contribute to equilibrium within society. Additional analysis of the shift in attitudes towards death will discuss the notion that society is graduating towards further denial of death. It will examine the medias portrayal of death in society, along with the desire to control and prevent death through medical science and technology. A brief review of the psychological perspective of dying will refer to socially constructed attitudes to grieving. In particular, parental socialisation and childhood experiences of grief that contributes to a perpetuated fear of death. Finally, examination of the research into the growth of the hospice movement will reveal the history behind its evolution and review the pioneering work of Dame Cicely Saunders. Critical analysis of palliative care will attempt to identify limitations of the service, along with the efforts by palliative care councils and charities, to extend services and prevent social exclusions. These services, when implemented effectively, have the potential to change societys perception of death and the dying process. Historically, the risk of death in western societies has reduced significantly over the last few centuries. Improvements within childcare, education and the discovery of antibiotics, has limited societys experience of infant mortality and contributed to an overall increased life expectancy. Premature death of children under the age of five was just 5% between 1990 and 2010, in comparison to the thousands that failed to thrive during the Middle Ages, due to poverty and diseases such as tuberculosis and the Black Death (WHO, 2012, p19). Chronic and terminal illnesses such as cancers, cardiovascular disorders and respiratory diseases account for the majority of deaths among the middle aged in contemporary society. The younger generation tends to be associated with deaths resulting from suicide, Aids and illnesses related to drug and alcohol abuse (Taylor and Field, 2003, p156). Medical technology has contributed to the eradication of many diseases within western countries but it is yet to take effect on a global level. Populations within Africa continue to be affected by cholera, leprosy and malaria. Survival rates are low due to extremes of poverty, unsanitary living conditions and limited access to medical treatment (WHO, 2012, p94). Death and disease was encountered during the Middle Ages with such regularity, it became less feared. Historian Arià ¨s (1974, p7), referred to death in this era as tamed death. Death was experienced on a communal level as friends, family and even children visited the dying on their sick bed, with no theatrics, with no great show of emotion, (Arià ¨s, 1974, p13). Religious influence was prominent during the 11th and 12th century and great emphasis was placed on the judgment of the individual on the last day of their life. A strong allegiance with church was believed to determine resurrection. Thus, the process of Ones own death, (Arià ¨s, 1974, p36) became more personal, indicating a greater awareness of existence and mortality. The 18th century witnessed the most significant change in social attitude towards death. Thy death, as described by Arià ¨s (1974, p66), intensified the emotional aspect of separation. This lead to more pronounced displays of grief through a greater fear of loss. The emotional impact of death contributed to a new desire to withhold the prognosis of death and relocate the dying to the hospital environment. Arià ¨s (1974, pp86-89), refers to this as the Forbidden death as traditional rituals of death were abandoned and replaced by clinical practices of the medical profession. The religious figures responsibility of overseeing the death process was relinquished to the physicians. Sociologists such as Elias (1985, cited in Giddens, 2009, pp320-321), acknowledge that medicalisation has enabled greater management of symptom and pain control. However, in doing so, the dying are pushed behind closed doors through a societal need to civilise the death process. He argues the promise of death free from pain and distress may come at the emotional expense of patients; as dying in hospital is both isolating and lonely. Caring for the terminally ill in hospitals became the cultural norm and was the site of approximately three quarters of all deaths by the 1950s. Ironically, many elderly people are more fearful of the institutionalisation of hospitals and nursing homes than death itself. They feel a loss of identity when removed from social circles and loved ones, to an unfamiliar environment where care is provided by strangers (Kearl, ND). Conversely, many sociologists argue that medicalisation of death has established positive social functions. Kellehear (2000, cited in Howarth, 2007, p135) maintains that good death is subject to a degree of social regulation, reliant on the collaboration of the patient, their family and the medical profession. He claims that if the responsibility of care is placed in medical hands, the patient and their family can be proactive with preparations and the organisation of personal matters. He argues, in certain circumstances the patient may continue to work, promoting self -worth and a valued contribution to society. Continuation of social roles is dependent on the nature and progression of the condition. Illnesses that cause a gradual decline in health and an anticipated death, arguably, have less impact on society. Sudden and premature deaths can evoke more intense reactions within society and require lengthier periods of readjustment (Clark and Seymour, 1999, p11). Diseases such as AIDS can attract negative societal judgment, causing sufferers to withdraw from social interaction. They may experience a loss of identity to the disease and choose to keep the stigma hidden from social view (Moon and Gillespie, 1995, p89). Deaths caused by AIDS and suicide tend to receive less empathy due to the perception of personal responsibility. Yet, some cultures in Japan view suicide as an honourable act with no attachment of religious punishment. The high rates of suicide among Japanese women over the age of 75 are thought to relieve the burden of care and responsibility from loved ones. Although suicide is still perceived negatively by Western societies it does not reflect such extreme attitudes of the Middle Ages. The historical shame attached to suicidal death led to the denial of proper burial rites. Suicide victims were often buried in the same manner as criminals and the poor of society, in unmarked graves and ditches (Howarth, 2007, p65). Burial within the confines of the church was the privilege of the wealthy. Those of high social status endeavoured to secure a burial plot under the flagstones, or within the walls of the church, believing this increased their chance of resurrection (Arià ¨s, 1974, p18). The poor did not qualify for such opportunities. Their burial was of little significance to the churches entrusted with the care of the dead. The poor were buried in either, unmarked graves or large communal ditches. As the pits became piled high with the deceased, older ditches were re-opened and the remaining bones were removed (Arià ¨s, 1974, pp18-22). This was common practice until the 18th century when concerns were raised over the lack of respect shown towards the remains of the deceased. Tombs were introduced to accommodate the dead and reduce the risk of disease from the foul smelling ditches (Arià ¨s, 1974, p70). The evolution of undertaking as a recognised profession and business replaced the primitive role adopted by carpenters and grave diggers. The management of death and burial came at a high price as funeral processions developed into a spectacle of wealth and social status. Little consideration was given to the poor, who, in extreme circumstances would store bodies of their loved ones until able to pay the funeral costs. The poor were also at the mercy of thieves involved in stealing recently expired corpses and selling them to the medical profession for analysis. They could not afford to pay for reinforced coffins or graves that offered protection within the confines of the cemetery. Such was the stigma of a paupers burial, people began to take out burial insurance and often went without food to maintain contributions to their policy (Howarth, pp222-242). The increasing cost and unsanitary nature of burial motivated an influential figure, Sir Henry Thompson, surgeon to Queen Victoria, to propose an alternative method of dealing with deceased. In 1874 he founded the Cremation Society of England and began the lengthy campaign for the legalisation of cremation. Despite continued opposition from the Home Office, it was eventually pronounced legal in 1884 during the trial of Dr William Price in a South Glamorgan courtroom. Price was an 83 year old man who was arrested for attempting to cremate the body of his five month old son. The judge, Mr Justice Stephen, declared cremation would be permitted as long as the process did not impact negatively on others. This gave rise to the construction of crematoriums and the realisation of the cremation movement on a global scale. During the 19th century The Cremation Society of England became The Cremation Society, forcing the Home Office to recognise this as a legal alternative to burial and issue c remation regulations that remain present to date. The Roman Catholic faith was also forced to acknowledge the shift in public opinion towards cremation. This led to the Pope lifting the ban that previously forbade catholic priests from conducting services in crematoriums (Cremation Society of great Britain, 1974). Although cremation has become increasingly popular in contemporary society, many continue to uphold the traditional ritual of burial. The expansion of cemeteries within close proximity of museums and parks has created more accessible environments and a society inclusive of the deceased (Kearl ND). Decorative memorial statues and headstones are more prevalently adorned by floral displays and traditional flower wreaths, symbolising continuity and eternity. Symbolism associated with the rites of passage reflects the varied cultural traditions within society. Colour is a universal symbol of death and grief, yet there are such variations of colour worn by different cultures. Black has been the traditional colour to mark the period of mourning within Britain. A torn black ribbon worn on clothing is also significant to Jewish culture and is worn for the first seven days of their mourning period. Conversely, white is worn by Sikh, Buddhist and some Hindu cultures, symbolising purity and eternal life. (Everplans, ND). Mourning periods are also subject to cultural diversity and social regulation, as normal routines and social interactions adapt to the beliefs and traditions of the individual. The sociological impact of death and its associated mourning period are socially disruptive on a variety of levels. From a functionalist perspective, the societal roles of those close to the deceased may be compromised by extensive grieving periods that can negatively impact upon the equilibrium of society. Whilst the customary ritual of mourning is acknowledged by society, there is a limit to its tolerance. There is an underlying necessity for the individuals to resume their roles and re-integrate with their social groups (Howarth, 2007, p235). The depth of disruption to social order is dependent on the number and circumstances of death and the re-distribution of roles within social groups. Historically, the effects of the Black Death on the working class community were experienced on a far greater scale through the loss of so many lives. Yet, the social groups of the upper class were able to function to some degree. They utilised their wealth and status, retreating to sanctuaries t o protect themselves, whilst continuing their positions and roles from a safe distance. Re-establishment of roles is essential, not only to maintain societys ability to function, but also to limit the financial cost of death (Kearl, ND). As Marx (1964, pp71-73) argued, a capitalist society has little sympathy for the workers, who, in their attempts to meet the demands of the ruling class put themselves at greater risk of death. The focus remains on the potential disruption to work and its threat to capitalism. Working hours lost to grief and mourning reduces production and profits. Death also provides opportunities for financial gain within a capitalist society; insurance policies, funeral and burial costs undoubtedly contribute to capitalist economic wealth. Social mechanisms have evolved throughout history to reduce the disruption of death to society. During the Middle Ages, when childhood mortality was commonplace, people were socialised to refrain from forming a deep attachment to their children. Many did not refer to their children by their names until they reached a certain age, as survival rates were low. Women often gave birth many times to increase the likelihood of the survival of at least one child. Through the effects of medicalisation, premature deaths have been significantly reduced. Medical institutions have increased the promotion of health awareness to minimise the risk of death and its disruption to society. Death itself has become less visible as social systems of modern society have contributed to the institutionalisation of the dying. Funeral arrangements have become a more discrete process through delegation of matters to businesses specialise in the management of death (Kearl, ND). Death, though disruptive, has evident positive social functions. Societys rules of succession allow the social roles of the deceased to be surrendered to family members or the wider community, creating the potential of social mobility. Death also functions to control an ever increasing population, whilst its fear induces a greater level of social control and conformity (Kearl, ND). An increased awareness of mortality can promote reflection on the values of a society. When death is experienced on a large scale, communities demonstrate a collective approach to morals and values. Social bonds are formed as they attempt to cope with tragic circumstances and are united in grief (Howarth, 2007, p112). Tragedies and natural disasters that lead to mass death receive extensive global media coverage. Televised news reports provide visual access to scenes such as the gunfire during the Gulf War and the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Despite the morbid aspect of death, television shows such as ER, Six Feet Under and House, depict scenes of death and dying that have become a part of popular culture. Film productions incorporating death as the underlying theme are presented across a variety of genres such as westerns, horrors and comedy. References to death do not escape the music industry, expressly within the lyrics of rap and heavy metal songs. The description of violent acts, coupled with the murders of well-known musicians within the rap culture, no doubt contribute to the dark and morbid image of death (Durkin, 2003, p44). Sensationalising media reports on the deaths of public figures and celebrities heighten the curiosity of the public and instigate outpouring display s of grief. The term dark tourism outlined by Marchant and Middleton (2007, p2) highlights the increasing phenomenon of visiting scenes of tragic death like the Nazi concentration camps and Ground Zero. It suggests that such behaviour may not simply occur out of grief and sympathy, rather, curiosity and a desire to connect with the event. Fundamentally, the suggestion is that society may be more open to face death than deny or hide from it. Contemporary western societies have been described by some sociologists as death denying, a result of the medicalisation of death. The dynamics of society have become focused on finding cures for illness, disease and the prevention of death wherever possible. Advancements within the medical and pharmaceutical fields have made significant progress in prolonging life. However, the involvement of such specialised medical technology is often limited to clinical environments. Arguably, this contributes to social isolation of the sick. The invisibility of death not only shields the death process, it protects the family members and social groups within society. If medical technologies and tools were not utilised in the management of death, it may be deemed as a capitalist attempt to limit costs within healthcare provision. Many social scientists argue that medicalisation has, in fact, enabled a degree of acceptance towards death. They maintain that the active scientific approach to healthca re increases the acceptance of death when it is beyond the control of science (Zimmerman and Rodin, 2004, p125). Scientific analysis and discoveries have provided western societies with a greater awareness of environmental risks. Natural disasters, often referred to as Acts of God, may not be controlled by science; however, modern technology has increased the accuracy of predicting such events (Howarth, 2007, p77). Whilst, prediction can facilitate a greater level of preparation and reduce the risk of death, it is essentially beyond all control. The nature of death can itself be shaped by society in relation to the cultural, social and economic environment. Durkheims exploration of societal influence on death was examined during his suicide study (Appendix 1). His investigation highlighted the correlation between economic instability during periods of both depression and prosperity and an increase in suicide rates. He maintained that societal forces were of greater influence than an individuals state of mind. The conclusions of Durkheims study were based on official statistics, therefore, it is reasonable to question their true reflection of society (Giddens, 2009, pp16-17). However, his argument that death is a social problem is plausible. It is societys response to death that is reflected in the unique rituals and symbolic meanings established to provide a coping mechanism for death and dying (Howarth, 2007, p15). The high rate of suicide among young males is one of the more significant statistics in modern society. The general perception of the male as the provider may cause increased pressure to compete successfully for social and economic resources. Failure to meet such expectations can make suicide seem like a viable solution to the problem. The pressure to maintain the masculine role and the reluctance to seek assistance is instrumental to the male approach when faced with death and grief (Howarth, 2007, pp64-65). Grief is considered by some social scientists as a universal reaction to the loss of human life. Yet, the subjective nature and extent of grief can vary between culture, social class and gender. During the late 19th century, unlike men, middle class women were encouraged to grieve openly as greater emphasis was placed on the caring and sympathetic disposition of their role. Functionalists, in their perception of the natural division of gender roles, would argue that exhibitions of male grief are a sign weakness and damaging to the masculine role (Howarth, 2007, pp223-231). Prior to medical advancements many women, particularly in the working class, died during childbirth. Husbands often remarried swiftly after the death of their spouse to re-establish the female role of housewife and mother. In modern day society, there have been numerous studies that indicate higher levels of mortality occur within close proximity of the death of a spouse. Objective analysis of these circumstances may identify other contributing factors that have a causal link such as; lack of appetite, a change in lifestyle and the increased emotional and financial stress that accompanies death and loss (Gross and Kinnison, 2007, p372). As mourning has become less of a public display within society, Arià ¨s (1974, p91) suggests that such discretion may influence the high rates of mortality among surviving spouses. He argues that society has become less accepting of grief, causing the bereaved to withhold emotion through fear of judgement. Grief does not always follow death, it can precede it by those facing death. Psychologist Kà ¼bler-Ross developed a framework classifying the five stages of grief; Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression and Acceptance, all relating to the anticipation and process of dying (Kà ¼bler-Ross, 1970, pp34-99). Whilst these stages provide an insight and explanation to the emotions experienced, generalisations should not be made concerning the grieving process. The five stage theory (Appendix 2) is to some degree a one size fits all approach and may not reflect the multi-cultural society of today. However, there is room for variation and flexibility within each stage of the Kà ¼bler-Ross framework that may be applicable to certain cultures. Gross and Kinnison (2007, pp378-379) maintain that childhood grief is also subjective to culture and socialisation, rather than a generalised stage process. They argue that children of modern society are often shielded from the realities of death, resulting from parental fear and denial of death. Feelings and emotions expressed by those surrounding them have the potential to shape the childs outlook and ability to contend with death. Kà ¼bler-Ross (1970, p6) argues that children who are present in an environment where death has occurred and are given the opportunity to talk rather than being removed from the environment, can share in the grieving and mourning process. Death then has the potential to be less feared and more accepted as a natural part of life. Nurses and medical staff involved in the care of the dying are far more exposed to all aspects of death and grief than most. Communication with dying patients and sensing the appropriate time to discuss issues of terminal illness is a fundamental, yet challenging part of the role. Consequently, many healthcare professionals utilise a form of behaviour referred to by psychologists as blocking. This enables them to avoid confrontation of such issues by changing the subject and re-directing the focus onto less pessimistic issues. Although the predominant focus of medicine is to cure, the dynamics of nursing terminally ill patients have progressed allowing greater emphasis to be placed on care. This has been motivated by the increasing growth of the hospice movement (Gross and Kinnison, 2007, pp377-378). Evolution of the hospice can be traced back to the Middle Ages when its function was to provide shelter and care for the sick, elderly, orphans and the poor. The progression of medicalisation during the 19th century, led to the establishment of new hospitals that focused on the management and cure of financially profitable illnesses, such as scurvy and leg ulcers. The chronically ill and dying were deemed as undesirable and non-profitable patients. Subsequently, medical and spiritual care was provided in sanctuaries by religious orders (Clark and Seymour, 1999, pp66-67). The 20th century witnessed the greatest change in the provision of care for the terminally ill. In 1967, St. Christophers Hospice was founded by Dame Cicely Saunders. It was the first of its kind, offering management of symptom control and care alongside clinical research. Saunders trained as a nurse, a medical social worker and eventually a physician. She was motivated to work within the care of the terminally ill as the general consensus among clinicians was that little could be offered to these patients. Her pioneering work within the hospice inspired charitable organisations to fund the construction of many more hospices. St. Christophers hospice eventually extended its services to the wider community in 1969 (St.Christophers.org, ND). The expansion of community based care led to an increase in funding from charitable organisations for the provision of specialist cancer nurses. As the hospice movement gathered momentum, there was an alteration in the terminology of this division of care, from terminal to palliative care. Distancing the association of terminal with imminent death aimed to address the misconception that patients qualifying for palliative services were at the end stages of life. Although hospices were initially reliant on charitable funds, the elevating costs of clinical treatments and increased life expectancy forced many to apply for NHS state funding. The involvement of the NHS not only induced financial support but also an element of regulation (Clark and Seymour, 1999, pp74-78). The influence of government funding within hospices has generated concern among some sociologists, who fear the hospice movement is in danger of losing sight of its original vision. The focus on professionalism and qualit y audits has led to comparisons of hospices with large organisational institutions, guilty of routinisation (James and Field, 1992, pp1363-1375). Palliative care services are difficult to measure as the nature of the service is to manage care and symptom control rather than to cure. Palliative care focuses on the value of quality of life rather than the medical model of quantity of life (Appendix 2). Palliative care and the hospice movement have predominantly been associated with terminal diseases such as cancer, AIDS and motor neurone disease. Yet, there has been an increasing demand for services to be inclusive of other lesser known conditions (Seymour, 2007). Many organisations are now actively working towards the provision of services across a wider spectrum, through data analysis and interaction with government agencies and politicians (National Council for Palliative Care, 2012). A key issue is the limitation of available resources and funds to meet the increased demand. Support and guidance extends to the family affected by the illness, exerting further pressure on the service to adapt the delivery of care in accordance to the family structure and dynamics. Consideration of varying traditions within a multi-cultural society is fundamental to the success of the service (Becker, 2009). The demographic changes to society and increased life expectancy have intensified the expectation of services to be available for extended periods. Access to palliative care in a modern capitalist society has led to a postcode lottery. The poor of society are at greater risk of being deprived of services if they reside in damp, cold and lower quality housing, deemed an unsuitable environment for community based care (Seymour, 2007). Less affluent areas of society with a high proportion of ethnic minorities are also significantly under-represented as palliative care service users. The language barrier and lack of information is a significant issue as patients and families are not fully aware of the referral procedure. For many cultures accepting a provision of care from outside agencies removes the responsibility from the extended family (Beresford, Adshead, Croft, 2006, pp146-151). Palliative care services are not easily accessible to the homeless of society. They are often reluctant to attend appointments in an unfamiliar environment, for fear of judgment or isolation. New initiatives such as St. Mungos Palliative Care Project, aim to tackle this issue by offering support and guidance to homeless sufferers and the professionals who work alongside them (National Council for Palliative Care, 2012). St. Christophers have also collaborated with the University of Baths Centre for Death and Society, to promote services. Through the utilisation of media resources and technology they are able to extend services to non-resident patients and prevent social exclusions (Centre for Death and Society, 2012). Professor Ilora Finlay has become a modern day pioneer of the hospice movement. Her role as the first consultant in Palliative Medicine at Cardiff University and work within parliament has led to the implementation of her palliative care strategy. This strategy has facilitated the enhancement of patient-focused services across Wales. Finlay is also responsible for the establishment of distance learning courses in palliative care, achieving international recognition and contributing to the increasing number of palliative care clinicians (Finlay, 2009, pp349-351). There is a recognised need for re-investment in palliative care to develop professional skills across a wide range of services. The benefits will not only improve patients quality of life but also reduce unnecessary NHS hospital admissions and the financial cost to the economy (Association for Palliative Medicine, 2010). Arguably, there would be less expectation of society to change its attitude towards dying, if, the focus r emained on the provision of resources to prevent anxiety and facilitate a good death (Zimm

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Meaning, Interpretation, and Tension in Literature Essay -- Literary A

"Iraqi Head Seeks Arms." (Pinker, p. 69) Quiproquo, double entendre, pun. These are instances of finding more than one possible meaning to an event, most often a phrase. We can't read Shakespeare, or Molià ¨re, or the works of many other authors if we don't believe that something can have more than one meaning. "There is no topic in philosophy that has received more attention than meaning, in its multifarious manifestations." (Dennett, p. 401) Meaning is one of our most intimate bedfellows – it is always in our minds. In Webster's Third New International Dictionary, meaning is defined as follows; 1meaning 1a: The thing one intends to convey by an act or esp. by language b: the thing that is conveyed or signified esp. by language: the sense in which something (as a statement) is understood 2: The thing that is meant or intended: INTENT, PURPOSE, AIM, OBJECT It is especially interesting that there is a difference between 1a and 1b in this definition, because this implies that there can be at least two meanings for a given event or utterance; what the meaner intends, and what the witness understands the meaning to be. The number of possible meanings grows when we consider that there may be many different meanings, or levels of meanings of the meaner. There could also be many witnesses to the event, each with her own interpretation. Each of these situations is like a different context, which could reveal a new sense. One area in which the possibility of the existence of more than one meaning or interpretation creates tension is literature. "Intention, text, context, reader – what determines meaning? Now the very fact that arguments are made for all four factors shows that meaning is complex and elusive, not something once and f... ...case, especially if we concede that certain things from which we derive meaning were created without intent or purpose. Perhaps our concept of meaning is a manifestation of our tendency to make up stories to explain things, or desire as humans to fill emptiness and to expand. We certainly don't have all the puzzle pieces yet; hopefully our understanding will evolve and expand as more information becomes available. Works Cited: Carle, Eric. The Very Hungry Caterpillar. New York; Philomel. 1969. Culler, Jonathon. Literary Theory. New York; Oxford. 1997. Dennett, Daniel. Darwin's Dangerous Idea. New York; Touchstone, 1995. Hofstadter, Douglas R. Gà ¶del, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid. New York; Basic Books. 1979 Mayr, Ernst. What Evolution Is. New York; Basic Books, 2001. Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct. New York; HarperCollins, 1994.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Physical and Mental Abuse on Slaves Essay

The essay is about the how significant both physical and mental abuse was important for the slave owners described in the Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass who was born in 1895 might have been the most influential African-American of his time or possibly ever. He rose up from the hardships he had from his birth to become a internationally known writer and orator. Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland and was thought to be fathered by one of his masters. In Maryland he had a rather easy life for a slave, he was an inside slave who cleaned and helped watched one of the masters children. This benefited him greatly both then and in the future because Thomas, the boy he attended too, helped Frederick read and write. From Tuckahoe, Frederick was moved to Baltimore then to Colonel Lloyd’s Plantation. Then from there he moved to St. Michael. Then to Mr. Covey a slave breaker. This was a major turning point in Frederick Douglasses life because for the fi rst time in his life he stood up to a white master in control of him and won the situation. This greatly increased Frederick’s confidence in himself and he want and desire to runaway and become a freed slave. As I read in the story he acomplished this task and he makes a life for himself that every other slave could only dream of. Frederick Douglass was a rare case of slave, in the way that he was not poisoned by the ways masters had control of slaves. In this way there is two types of ways masters dominated slaves. Physically and Mentally, both maybe equally as powerful and influential on the idea of dominance a master used over a slave. So in this essay I will discuss both the idea of Mental and Physical dominance over a slave examples of each and what the purpose of this was to do. To me I feel that one of the most basic parts of dominance over a slave is a masters Physical dominance over them. Obviously beatings and whippings are some of the most general types of physical dominance a master would do to his slave. Whippings in a sense showed a type of superiorism over the slave, especially when they did something that was â€Å"wrong† or sometimes just to show superiority. Although this is the most obvious and most commonly used form of physical dominance, it was not the only one. Another thing a master might do to show dominance over their slaves in the physical form would be to give them very little clothes. This left slaves very cold and made them want to get done with their work better to get in a warmer environment. Another thing that is not emphasized so much in history or very much in this novel is ra pe. A master might rape his female slaves to either pregnant a slave to make their ownership of slaves larger and also to show a general dominance over the slave, letting them know that they could do that and there wasn’t much they could do about it because he was the master. Although these methods were cruel and at times extremely grotesque masters saw this as nessicary to enforce their status as a master over slaves. But this was not the only method used to show their superiority over the slaves. Slave owners also used many forms of mental domination to rule slaves. In my personal opinion I feel this method was much more effective over slaves than that of physical dominance. I feel this was more effective in the sense that slaves didn’t always realize that they were doing this and if a master could break a slave down emotionally and mentally then he owned the slave in a sense and physical forms of dominance were not as nessicary to enforce superiority over the slaves. One way a master might mentally dominate a slave would be to separate them from their families. This was a good idea because it broke up family bonds between slaves and secluded their identity and knowledge of their heredity, which completely destroyed any sense of pride that was in a slave. This also would insure loyalty to a master, since a family was not present in the slaves life, a slave in an ironic way might see their master as a form of family. Another thing the masters would do would be to seclud e them from knowledge. The more a master could keep his slaves ignorant the more sure he could be that the slave would be loyal and not devise an idea to become free or to revolt and cause problems with a master. This also kept out the problem of a master having to worry about a slave becoming more intelligent than that of his or her’s master. One last example of mental dominance over a slave was false consciousness. This method would fool a slave into a system that benefits the master. One example a master might do to enforce false consciousness would be to give them holidays off of work. This would make the slaves believe that a master might really actually care about the slaves and their well being, but intern helped the masters so that the slaves would then feel the urge to be more loyal to him. Both forms of dominance over the slaves regardless were extremely effective in keeping salves in check by their masters. Physical was more of a last resort type of dominance and was good for rebel type slaves and just to show every once in awhile to a slave who ran what. While mental dominance on the other hand was more of a mischievous form of dominance that held a tighter wrath over the slaves an was something that was very hard to defy and rebel against. Either way dominance was a key part in a masters plan to keep a plantation and slaves working to his benefit.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Integrating Technology into the Classroom Research Method

Integrating Technology into the Classroom Research Method The research on the impact of technology on the students’ progress requires qualitative approach implementation Historically, the quantitative research method was the primary approach in researching, but in the late 20th century qualitative approach gained popularity among researches (Ary et al., 2009, p.23). Admittedly, qualitative approaches enable researches to implement deeper analysis of the situation or phenomenon.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Integrating Technology into the Classroom Research Method specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Lodico et al. (2010) educational research requires comprehensive analysis which can be obtained by the mixed approach. As far as the present research on the impact of technology on the students’ progress is concerned it is necessary to use the mixed approach which will reveal adequate and valid data and thorough analysis of the situation. The r easons for using the mixed approach for the present research Thus, to evaluate the impact of technology integrating into the class room it is necessary to implement the mixed approach which can be basically divided into two phases of data collection (Creswell, 2003, p.21). First of all, the research should start with a broad survey which will generalize the data, using experimental method of research (Creswell, 2003, p.21). Therefore, the research will reveal unbiased numerical results which can be further evaluated and supported by the qualitative research (Creswell, 2003, p.21). The open-ended interviews will give more specific information, e.g. students’ attitude towards the innovations, perhaps, some remarks and suggestions about improvements. Qualitative research may also bring in new possible options to consider the topic or even solve the problem. For instance, it may become clear that incorporated technologies are too sophisticated (or too outdated) and students do no t reveal good academic results because the technology use is ineffective (students cannot simply use the technology adequately). This understanding will enable the college administration to find new ways (other types of technology) for dropouts decline. If quantitative approach was used the researchers could come to erroneous conclusions that technology incorporating cannot be effective and it is necessary to look for solutions in other aspects of the teaching process, though the problem lies in the inappropriate use of technology. Thus, the qualitative approach will complete the research and give the full understanding of the outcomes of innovations. In respect, the mixed approach enables researchers to obtain definite unbiased data (due to the quantitative approach) and evaluate them and reveal deeper analysis of the topic (due to the qualitative research methods).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 1 5% OFF Learn More Why it is impossible to use different approaches Admittedly, the mixed research is more time and effort consuming, and sometimes it can be enough to use only quantitative or qualitative research methods. However, in this particular case it is essential to use both approaches. Thus, if only quantitative approach is implemented the research will be able to support or refute the hypothesis: school dropouts decline once the technology will be incorporated, or vice versa. However, there are several possible reasons affecting school dropouts. Thus, quantitative analysis will only state the results without suggesting the reasons for such results, so it can be hard to find the effective solution. On the other hand, using only qualitative research methods may be also ineffective. First of all, quantitative data can be a very good supporting material for the qualitative analysis. Apart from this, qualitative findings may be regarded as subjective, biased (Byn ner and Stribley, 2010, p.233). So, only mixed approach can lead to adequate and reliable results which can be incomprehensive if using quantitative or qualitative approach separately. The influence of the research consumer on the choice of the research method The importance of the research findings validity can be also illustrated by the relationship between a producer of the research and a consumer of the research. Thus, the producer considers the topic collecting and evaluating data. The consumer of the research is the person who knows something concerning the issues considered in the research (Walpole and McKenna, 2004, p.45). As a rule, research consumers are the target audience for the research producer. Sometimes research consumers may be interested in the research and wait for the research results. Such research consumers can influence the producer of the research. Thus, the producer may choose the research approach in accordance with the consumer’s expectations. If t he definite quantitative data is expected, the producer is likely to choose the quantitative approach. Admittedly, quantitative data are unbiased and objective (Bynner and Stribley, 2010, p.233). Moreover, quantitative research method does not require as much time as qualitative approach. Of course, if some deeper understanding of the issue is required the producer will choose the qualitative approach. Thus, the validity of the research findings will depend on the consumer’s expectations. Being an educational research, the present research requires the mixed approach Thus, it is clear that the most effective approach for the present research is the mixed approach which enables the researcher to obtain definite data and analyze them comprehensively reaching deep understanding of the issue.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Integrating Technology into the Classroom Research Method specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e Moreover, in the majority of cases educational researches require the mixed approach since this research method enables researchers to understand not only outcomes, but the reasons for the existing problem. However, it is necessary to add that when definite data is required researches should implement quantitative research to provide research consumers with particular quantitative findings. Reference List Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., Razavieh, A., Sorensen, C. (2009). Introduction to Research in Education. Belmont: Cengage Learning. Bynner, J., Stribley, K. (2010). Research Design: The Logic of Social Inquiry. New Jersey: Aldine Transaction. Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. Lodico, M., Spaulding, D. T., Voegtle, K. H. (2010). Methods in Educational Research: From Theory to Practice (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). San Francisco, CA: John Wiley Sons. Walpole, S., McKenna, M.C. (2004).The Literacy Coachs Handbook: a Guide to Research-Based Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

buy custom The External Auditors essay

buy custom The External Auditors essay An external auditor is a professional who performs financial audit of the financial state of the company. The external auditor is independent from the company of which he or she is performing the audit. What is the year-end? This is the end of every financial or accounting year. It does not matter what time of the year because it can be in February or July. How is revenue recognized? Revenue is realized after the calculation of all the goods or services sold by the company at the year end. How is inventory valued? The inventory is valued based on the costs of the goods and the purchase price of the inventory in the market. How is property and equipment amortized? Amortisation of the property and equipment is done based on the improvements made to the assets and the market price of the assets. Additionally, the useful value of the product is also calculted. What is the value of accumulated amortization? 70.8 million dollars What is Jean Coutus authorized share capital? 118,916,582 class A shares 117,385,000 class B shares How many common shares are issued? 229,792,498 common shares What is the total dollar value of the common shares? 2.51 dollars per share What is the basic earnings per share? 614,400,000/118,916,582= 5.17 dollars per share How much cash was provided or used in operating activities? 2,321,700,000 dollars What was the value of property and equipment purchased? 564,400,000-528,400,000=36,000,000 What Canadian company is Jean Coutus main competitor? Shoppers Drug Mart What is Jean Coutus most recent market price per share? 0.77 dollarsWhat are Jean Coutus most recent price-earnings? 0.77 dollarsWhat are the following values in 2011 for Jean Coutu; (a) Current ratio 380,700,000/255300000=1.5 (b) Asset turnover 2,597,800,000/1045400000=2.48 (c) Interest coverage 100.15 (d) Return on common shareholders equity 33.19 (e) Return on assets (180,200,000+100000)/1045400000=0.27 (f) Profit margin For the ratios in part C above (a-f) what are the industry values? How do Jean Coutus ratios compare to the industry? a) Current ratio b) Asset turnover c) Interest coverage d) Return on common shareholders equity e) Return on assets f) Profit margin As compared to the other industry, Jean Coutu's ratio is performing better. It has good pricing strategies. Buy custom The External Auditors essay

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Economics & Global Bus. Apps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics & Global Bus. Apps - Essay Example China on the other hand has a very hierarchical and formal social structure which stretches to family, business and institutional life. For instance, respect for elders it is expected of children and the eldest family member bids the highest respect (Dipak 59). Collectivism vs. Individualism In china, individuals consider ideas in a collective sense in that before making a decision, they frequently consider the effects of their actions on their friends, colleagues and neighbors. Usually, decisions are not made for individual gain but for the greater good. In America, it is normal to make personal motives and goals a priority over the collective ones. This attribute is frequently encouraged so as to induce drive and aspiration to attain personal and business success (Robert, Philip and Sarah 35). Business Relations Business relations are a reflection of the individual and collective nature of the two societies. The term 'guan xi' is commonly used in China and refers to emphasis being placed on the significance of building social networks so as to carry out business (Dipak 71). This is mirrored in the significance of socializing with counterparts and getting to know them before signing a deal. As a result, ensuring a business deal in china is frequently a long procedure. In the US on the other hand, business is a more cut throat procedure that emphasizes more on efficiency and speed rather than on building relationships. Morals and Values In America, individuals are comfortable about praising, playing up and talking about success openly with humility being considered a weakness by some. In the Chinese culture, respect and humility are very important. When talking about successes, it is expected of people to be modest and treat each other well, or not to talk about them at all (Robert, Philip and Sarah 39). Additionally, in America, there are grayer areas and the issue of morality is not set in stone but a matter of discussion. In china however there is a firm sen se of right and wrong. Freedom of Expression The people of china are bound sternly by protocol and believe it is better to honor and respect the opinion of others even if you don’t agree with them than to demand for other people to concur with your ideals. In American culture individuals are urged to argue on contentious issues regardless of whether they may lead to confrontation all (Robert, Philip and Sarah 42). U.S. business practices in China vs. USA The 4 P’s of marketing have both similarities and differences in China and USA. The Price of a product has a higher elasticity of demand in China than in USA. While moving to China, it is important to ensure that a company establishes competitive and stable prices if a product is to compete with the existing products. Price changes have a higher effect on sales in China than in USA due to lower purchasing power of the Chinese in comparison with Americans. Chinese buyers feel more exploited by western companies than by local ones thus making price elasticity for foreign companies in China higher than that of local companies. While considering the product, it is also important to build a strong brand in order to penetrate the Chinese market which is characterised by many popular brands. Use of Chinese name for a brand would be a plus rather than maintain the name the product uses in USA. Product quality is not as important as it is in USA.

Friday, November 1, 2019

Investigate whether financial conservative policies depend on Dissertation

Investigate whether financial conservative policies depend on financial distress - Dissertation Example The literature review will look at work already done in the area and this along with an analysis of data will be used to arrive at a conclusion. The paper also describes the research methodology that will be used in carrying out the study. Theoretical Framework Central to this investigation is to define trade off and pecking order theories and the terms financial conservatism, financial distress and leverage. A sample of firms that adopts conservative policies as it relates to high levels of cash holdings and low levels of leverage will be identified and data relating to financial conservatism will be analysed. Trade-off theory predicts that when firms face high expected cost of financial distress and/ or attach a rather low value to interest tax shields, then, they will seek to employ conservative financial policies (Minton and Wruck 2001). Pecking order theory predicts that firms use external financing only when internal funds are insufficient to support discretionary expenditures. When internal funds fall short, managers look first to debt financing and only as a last resort do they turn to using equity financing (Myers 1984). Definitions Financial conservatism For the purpose of this study financial conservatism is defined as a persistent financial policy of low leverage and high cash holdings. Financial distress Financial distress is the inability to generate revenue when there are too many debts. Literature Review Iona (2004) Berger et al (1997) suggests that managers tend to make more conservative capital structure decisions when are given the power to use their discretion and are therefore free from disciplinary and monitoring mechanisms. The main motives behind the choice of conservative leverage policies are to reduce the probability of financial distress and bankruptcy and to resist disciplinary actions. Mackie-Mason (1990) used the modified Altman’s (1968) Z-Score to test for the likelihood that a firm will experience financial distress. Simi larly, Helwege and Liang 1996; and Graham (2000) have used this variable in their capital structure studies. They have found the Z-Score coefficient to be consistently positive and significant. This therefore, indicates that financially conservative firms are less likely to face financial distress. Myers (1984) suggests that a firm may seek to maintain slack in the form of reserve borrowing power and target a level of borrowing that lies below its debt capacity. In doing so, the firm can issue safe debt if it needs to avoid any material costs of financial distress. Titman (1984) and Graham (2000) identified industries in which firms are likely to experience significant costs of financial distress. The suggestion is that sensitivity distress results from high levels of on-going relationships with customers which results from warranties, repairs and upgrades associated with the sale of goods in the computer industry, specialty manufacturing industry, the retail industry and the pharma ceutical/biotechnology firms. Minton and Wruck (2001) indicates that three (3) of the four (4) industry classification mentioned above are associated significantly with the probability of being financially conservative. Retail firms are less likely to follow policies of low leverage possibly because of the thinking that real estate serves as good collateral for borrowing purposes. Iona (2004) also

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Supply Chain Management and Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Supply Chain Management and Outsourcing - Essay Example The aspect of globalization therefore, highly influences various companies, especially the international companies. Apart from globalization, the cost factor and competition in the market are other pressures, which shape the operations of various companies. These among other factors have forced most companies to develop new strategies, which might help them gain competitive value in the market, in order to compete favorably, despite all the pressures in the market (Wisma, 2008). Nonetheless, most of the strategies, which companies have adopted mainly include those that will help to differentiate the companies. These include research and development, demand and customer management, and regulatory compliance, among others (Sople, 2009). In addition, in order to compete healthily in the market, companies today have invested in their supply chain management and functions, such as manufacturing, distribution, and logistics. One of the most important strategy, which companies adopt today w ith regard to supply chain management is outsourcing in the business supply chain. This is instrumental in the business, since it helps enables for goods, information, and services in the company to be distributed in an effective manner, including all processes from raw materials, manufacture, all the way to customer delivery (Sople, 2009). This paper will therefore, focus on supply chain management and outsourcing in business supply chain as a function in the overall supply chain management, and why it is important for companies. Outsourcing in business supply chain is an aspect and a function of supply chain management in a company. However, supply chain cannot be regarded as a function of a company, since this is a network, which is made up of different companies. Therefore, supply chain management mainly involves how each company implements the different cross-functional relationships between its major customers and suppliers, within that network. Nonetheless, for supply chain m anagement to be effective in a company, the company must involve each of its function in supply chain management. It is important to note that supply chain management is still a new business model, which companies started to adopt because of various pressure factors in the market (The Times of India, 2011). Today, it is demanded that companies should uphold both social and environmental responsibility. In addition, companies must adequately respond to the ever dynamic needs and demands of its customers in the market in order to remain competitive. Companies too are faced with the pressure of ensuring sufficient access to resources in order to sustain their business operations. It is also crucial for a company to maintain its profitability and grow its revenue and market share. All these factors influence and determine the success of any company in the market. Nonetheless, for a company to be successful in all these factors, it must be able to manage the different relationships, whic h emerge because of these functions. Therefore, a company should integrate these various business networks and relationships in a manner that will be ensure positive outcomes for the company. This management of the relationships between these different networks in a company, is what is entails the process of supply chain management (Sople, 2009). Different companies today practice supply chain management. However, not all of them are successful in this process. Those companies, whose management does not recognize the importance of integrating business’ network of business relationships in a

Monday, October 28, 2019

Incident Analysis and Development Plan Essay Example for Free

Incident Analysis and Development Plan Essay In my previous assignments I have attempted to shed some light on the 3 capabilities which I have identified; which were namely the Leadership skills, Knowledge skills and the Interpersonal Management skills. Each of these 3 skills is crucial for a good manager and each holds its own significance in the building of a solid character. For the purpose of this research paper, I will be concentrating on the Leadership and Interpersonal Management skills upon which I have already talked about before. Harnessing these two characteristics would help growth on the individual level and gives an insight into a person’s overall character as viewed from some external source. Incident Analysis Leadership is a value arousing skill (Heifetz, 1994). Recalling any such moment where I have taken the mantle of leadership I would most definitely have to quote of my academic experiences. Groups and teams are a fact of life during one’s academic years and in said groups and teams there are often conflicts arising which without the presence of a team leader, lead to failed deadlines, substandard work quality and overall unpleasantness among team members (Maister, 2002). I can clearly recall the last time I was part of a group and it was in said group that I got a chance to play the role of the team leader. The decision of me being team leader arose due to my past experience in the topic and when the time came to choose the leader from amongst the team-mates I had the expertise in the subject. Even though I was not experienced much in any leadership position, I was able to do a sufficient job as the group leader and it made me appreciate the tough job that it is to lead people towards a single goal so as to make the achievement a shared vision (Purpose of Leadership, 1997). However, one thing I learned was that Leadership is never static as the role of a leader keeps changing in modern times and anybody who has a proficiency in some skill would take on the leader role when work related to his area of specialization arose. Without any leadership there would hardly be any sense of where the team was headed and it would be meaningless progressing further (Kelly, 2007). Interpersonal skills are also very important in recent times as people of every walk of life have to interact with others to get their jobs done. Previously it was the belief that some jobs required very little interaction with other individuals, such as finance related jobs and other desk jobs where the employees would have minimal socializing (Hayes, 2002). But now the field has changed with people interacting with others for the exchange of knowledge, and for socializing purposes. An incident regarding where I had to demonstrate my interpersonal skills arose when while arranging for a charity event for which friends needed help, I had to visit different markets and deal with numerous people over getting sponsors and getting arrangements done. Through the course of this excursion I had to interact with numerous people and demonstrate communication skills which involved interacting with people at all levels, such as common laborers and store owners. This feature of interacting with people at all levels is beneficial in the sense that it helps later to impress employers (Seneca, 2001). Through the course of interacting with people I was able to get some good contacts that would come in fruitful for future use while also overcoming my dread of speaking to strangers and becoming more comfortable talking to people (Hargie Dickson, 2003). Self Assessment Measuring one’s leadership skills, one must first recognize the types of leaders that exist. There is some argument as to whether there are 6 types or 7 types of leaders but personally I prefer to side with the 7 types argument. Based on 5 criteria leaders are placed into the types of the transformational leader, the enforcer, the deal maker, the administrator, the visionary, the serial entrepreneur and the spin doctor (Taffinder). The five factors upon which leaders are determined are: impose context, have conviction, generate critical mass, challenge and change and they make and take risks. With respect to the definitions provided, I would rank myself as an Enforcer. This is due to the fact that I am risk averse when groups are concerned and tend to stick to tested and tried guidelines. I am highly confident when taking actions and try to motivate team members in a manner that they have the feeling to achieve something (Brill Barth, 2008). Â  I avoid taking unnecessary risks since the responsibility of leading a team in my opinion does not permit one the opportunity to take risks. If the risk pays off that’s well and good, but if the risk does not, then the leader is responsible for the outcome of events. This responsibility I believe takes away the liberty that a leader should have and should make him more serious towards leading his followers to attaining the goal (Ball, 2003). Judging anyone’s interpersonal skills is not so easy as it involves feedback from external sources. When others tell one how well they are performing, then one can be any statement regarding the success or failure of it. I would say that I am sufficiently endowed with my interpersonal skills. I would come to the conclusion taking into account the success rate when dealing with others. I have often had to conduct affairs with other external groups and so far I would say that I have done a very good job in carrying out interpersonal dealings. Researchers suggested that self analyzing when related to interpersonal skills should be avoided by researchers since the judgement would always be biased and the answer would be uninfluenced in very rare case (Rubin, Palmgreen, Sypher, Beatty, 2004). This goes back to the point mentioned that since people are unaware as to most of what they do, determining the efficiency of their success in Interpersonal Communication is very hard to do. A concept known as Self Monitoring usually leads to greater success in determining a person’s interpersonal skills. Self Monitoring is a trait exhibited by famous good public speakers, as they were very receptive of their audiences and could adapt their presentation as per the response from the audience. Many politicians such as Bill Clinton for example have been reported to have strong Self Monitoring skills. Viewing myself through outside eyes I have surmised that in the short time that I have become more pro active in interacting with others, I would say that I am quite successful in interacting with people and can easily carry forward a conversation and can entertain and communicate with others effortlessly (Corbin, Corbin, Lindsey, 2007). Â  If compared to the extent required in the managerial world and professional world, I would have to say that the skills I possess are somewhere between acceptable and need slightly more improvement. Since leadership is a situational issue, with leadership sometimes being given and other times not, only time can tell how well one has performed. Some situations require more insight and expertise whereas others are relatively simple as all you have to do is inspire your team and it successfully finishes the task on its own (Drucker, 1995)I have usually encountered the former as I haven’t yet witnessed any intense leadership role where I’d have to make decisions which would lead to greater consequences. Interpersonal skills are essential for any business activity and comparing it to the market levels I would say that some improvement, or refinement, is needed. Even though I am not hopeless with my interpersonal skills, it is still a far away from being absolutely perfect. I believe I possess enough skills to at least get the basic jobs done. Development Plans To improve upon my interpersonal skills, I have decided to listen to the suggestions stated. Smiling more often when talking to others, being more appreciative of others comments, paying more attention to others, practicing active listening (applying stuff that I have learnt through listening to others), bringing people together, trying to resolve conflicts, communicating early, and in a humorous manner, trying to see other people’s perspectives and avoiding complaining are some measures that I plan to adopt in order to improve my interpersonal skills (All Business). Following these tips I plan to become more popular in crowds and become more receptive to others when interacting with them. These tips would help me in making a more favorable impression in front of others and become a popular and pleasurable person to talk to. And that in turn would make communicating with others more easier for me and more often. Currently what I’m lacking due to inexperience with interacting with others would be resolved if I strictly follow these mentioned tips. To develop my leadership style I must first note where I fall behind other successful leaders, and in this case, I have identified that I am highly risk averse and in return wind up hindering group from reaching its full potential. Taking more risks, but with the consent and full information being provided to the group so that they can give their feedback as well, I will try to move towards becoming a Transformational Leader who not only gets the job done, but inspires the followers to think of the goals as their goals as well and have a combined motivation towards the job as well. Conclusion Leadership and interpersonal skills are very important for today’s managers as it is the manager’s job to get the tasks done while keeping a strong healthy relationship between all levels of the employees (Koellner, 2002). Currently I am more than capable of handling the simple situations which may arise on a day to day basis, but to actually handle situations which may affect a larger scale, I need to work harder to build my skills so as to become a Transformational leader (Argyris, 1976), who is the best type of flexible leader, and to have good links which can only be forged if the interpersonal relations I have with others are good. Without strong interpersonal skills, no one can actually get the full whole hearted support from others. A person should seek external opinions to actually gauge where he is standing since these are inherent qualities and people are not qualified enough to correctly identify their skills. References All Business. (n.d.). Ten Ways to Improve Your Interpersonal Skills. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from All Business: http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/careers-career-development/11134-1.html Argyris, C. (1976). Increasing leadership effectiveness. R.E Krieger. Ball, J. (2003). Managing People. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www.accountancy.com.pk/articles.asp?id=54 Brill, F. S., Barth, R. (. (2008). Leading and Learning. Stenhouse Publishers. Corbin, C., Corbin, C. B., Lindsey, R. (2007). Fitness for Life. Human Kinetics. Drucker, P. F. (1995). The Practice of Management. Harper Collins. Hargie, O., Dickson, D. (2003). Skilled interpersonal communication. Routledge. Hayes, J. (2002). Interpersonal skills at work. Routledge.