Discussion 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion 5 - Assignment moralAccording to the nurse, some patients or patients associates may turn hostile or physical at worst, peculiarly when a wellness worker reveals certain disturbing information to them such as the loss of a loved one or the failure of a surgical procedure done on a person close them. The issue is related to the respectable principle of nonmaleficence because the nurse may need to square up between retaliating and upholding professionalism (Kjervik & Brous, 2010).Understanding the concerns of the advanced behave nurse provides me with an insight into the complexities involved in adjudicating similar ethical issues in my practice. The understanding demonstrates to me the need to be prudent in my conduct.An issue facing the Patient cheer and Affordable Care Act is the increased backlog of patients that physicians have to attend to due to the expansion of checkup coverage that have accrued from the implementation of the act. Shortage of nurses in the U. S accentuates the problem from this issue. While expanding coverage to the uninsured Americans is good, physicians increased backlog might delay patients access to care because of inadequate healthcare workforce. A healthy issue surrounding the increased backlog of patients for the few available physicians is the challenge to expand the scope of practice for non-physician health professionals in order to help reduce the backlog. Laws regulating the scope of practice of health practitioners have always required that physicians supervise the practice of other non-physician practitioners. This policy will provide a windowpane for me as an advanced practice nurse to exercise my specific role complementing that of physicians (LeBuhn & Swankin, 2010).One of the changes that I would draw off to the Affordable Care Act is to expand the role of advanced practice nurses by charging them with management of health homes. Advanced

Security Fraud and Manipulations Using Accounting Policies and Rules Dissertation

tribute Fraud and Manipulations Using Accounting Policies and Rules - Dissertation ExampleMore importantly, a broad variety of security measure fraud and malpractice of bill policies are employed in the preparation of the pecuniary makeup accounting of Enron, Madoff scheme, and WorldCom mess that lead into their bankruptcy. Nonetheless, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) seeks to deter fraud in pecuniary statements of companies finished laws, internal control systems and regulations. More significantly, the commission continuously seeks to detect misstatements, failure of disclosure of accurate financial learning in records, documentation, accounting policies and procedures in changes of equity and explanatory notes accompanying every financial flow rate statement of companies. In addition, this paper will look at the adherence to the International Financial coverage Standards (IFRS) as stipulated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Internati onal Accounting Standards Board (IASB) remains commit towards global standards. Finally, the paper looks at various fraudulent situations that could be avoided through adherence to stipulated accounting policies and procedures by management, accountants and auditors as they put shareholders interest first. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express sincere gratitude to my dissertation supervisor, xxx, for his invaluable support. As an area of accounting and auditing practise, I hope you find this paper insightful in the minimization of security fraud and manipulation practices. Tables of Contents 1. Introduction 6 2. Literature Review 7 3. Research methodology 16 4. Discussion of Findings 18 4.1.0 Nature and treatment Of Security Fraud &manipulation through fraudulent use Of accounting policies and rules 18 4.2.0 Security Fraud and Manipulation in Madoff scheme, Enron & Worldcom Corporation 23 4.3.0 Security Fraud and Manipulation Problems in Madoff Scheme, Enron and Worldcom Corpo ration 27 4.4.0 Comprehensive Analysis of Parties involved in the carrying protrude of Security Fraud and Manipulation 33 4.5.0 Regulation of Security Fraud and Manipulation in Madoff scheme, Enron and WorldCom Corporation 39 5. Conclusions 43 6. Appendix 45 6. References 47 CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION More than often, fraudulent financial information given in companies financial statement typically takes the form of material misstatements done intentionally by making either the annually or quarterly financial statements fluctuated. In most cases, auditors acknowledge that financial statements are intentionally misstated much(prenominal) that the information provided remains not only misleading, but also inaccurate, such that the presentation of financial reports does not follow the generally accepted accounting practises (GAAP), international auditing standards (IAS) and international financial reporting standards (IFRS). More so, such security fraud and manipulation through the use of fraudulent accounting policies and rules in international corporations like Madoff scheme, WorldCom and Enron led to a huge loss as a pass of fraud upon

Relationship Between Crude Oil And Natural Gas Prices Essay

Relationship Between Crude Oil And Natural Gas Prices - Essay compositors caseObserving the pattern of vegetable oil crude oil and natural splosh prices generally supports the economic theory and leads to the judgment that both commodities do shargon a relationship. However, over the past few years, a decoupling of natural bollix prices from crude oil prices has been observed (refer to graph 1.1 in appendix). This has led concerns over the strength of the relationship amongst crude and natural catalyst prices.Economic factors link crude oil and natural gas prices through with(predicate) supply and demand. There has been a strong conviction regarding the one-way relationship between the prices of crude oil and natural gas, whereby changes in crude figures influence natural gas prices and any changes in natural gas prices have no impact on crude. This is due to the relative size of each market. Prices of crude are determined on the world market whereas natural gas valuation t akes place in regionally segmented markets. As a result, any adverse event or condition is unlikely to arrogate the global price of oil (Villar, Joutz)This paper attempts to signify the economic and statistical relationship between crude oil and natural gas prices. The period under review is from 1985 to 2005. ... Overview of Natural Gas IndustryThe body structure of the natural gas application has changed dramatically over the last 15 years. In the past, the structure of this patience was simple, with limited flexibility and few options for gas delivery. Exploration and intersectionion companies explored and drilled for natural gas, selling the product to transportation pipelines. These pipelines transported the natural gas, selling it to local distribution utilities, who in turn sold the product to its customers. price at the exploration, production and transportation level was federally regulated whereas state regulation monitored the price at which local distribution companie s sold natural gas to customers (naturalgas.org).Prior to deregulation, the structure of the natural gas industry was very straightforward, however, it suffered from shortages in the 1970s and surpluses in the 1980s. Since deregulation, the industry is much more open to competition and choice. Prices are no longer regulated and are determined by the demand-supply forces. One of the notable differences in the rewrite structure of the natural gas industry is the existence of natural gas marketers. They serve to facilitate the grounds of natural gas from the producers to the end users. Marketers may either own the natural gas being transferred, or simply act as facilitators for the transportation. Source NGSAThe diagram above shows the pathway of natural gas from producer to end user in a regulated environment. The diagram below shows the pathway in a deregulated environment where marketers exist and can sell directly to end users.Source NGSAPrice of natural gas is simply a functi on of demand and supply. When demand for gas rises,

The Microenvironment of Amazon.com Research Paper

The Microenvironment of virago.com - Research Paper ExampleIt is ostensibly clear from the discussion that collaboration is concerned with how firms participate in the market finished channel members and/or customers leading to the co-creation of value, strong supply chain relationships, partnerships and use of social media. amazon.com is always seeking collaborative relationships to suspensor grow its business, leading to the creation of customer value and market performance. According to Cimpanu, Amazon collaborated with Target from 2001 where the last mentioneds e-commerce platform was managed by Amazon.com as it had the capability and experience to do so. This collaboration was however end in 2011 after several lawsuits against Amazon. The company has also collaborated with some partners in the fashion industry. For instance, according to Vogue, Amazon launched an exclusive collaboration with Meadham Kirchoff designers for a collection of sweatshirts. Still, in the same indu stry, Amazon is collaborating with another designer for Derek guides 10 Crosby contemporary line. Amazon has also opened up collaboration with other entrepreneurs through its cloud system whereby other entrepreneurs can use it at a cost of 10 cents an time of day and harness its computing capability. McConnell reports that Amazon launched ProductWiki which opened the door for citizen marketing as it allowed customer editable information. These collaborations have enabled Amazon to deliver value to customers by providing a variety of products at affordable costs and at their convenience. Customers can, therefore, knock a wide variety of products from books to electronics to clothes, courtesy of the various collaborations that Amazon engages in with a number of partners.

Debate .. Football industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Debate .. Football persistence - Assignment ExampleTherefore, the paper impart seek to emphasize what the football industry is worth and the factors that have made to be considered as getting out of control. It will also look at some of the measures that have been put in roll to reduce hooliganism in the football industry.According to Batile et al (2014), the football industry is a economic global sport that attracts revenue amounting to an excess of 5.4 billion Euros every year. tote up day, commercial and broadcasting revenues are the major sources of income that most football clubs use to collect revenues on a day to day basis. Match day revenues are derived mainly from gate receipts paid by fans and spectators, memberships and season tickets. On the separate hand, broadcasting revenues accrue from outside(a) and domestic competitions such as UEFA fleck commercial revenues are generally gotten from merchandising and sponsorships. This means that in the process of determ ining profitable clubs, all these sources of revenue are accounted for. ground on these revenue models, Real Madrid has been rated the most profitable club in the world forthwith for the ninth consecutive time (Mughal, 2014). It has total revenue of 518.9 million Euros, with match day collections of 119, commercial 183.3 while commercial having revenues totaling to 211.6 million Euros.Moreover, by analyzing the revenue generated by other top clubs in the football industry such as FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Bayern Munich and arsenal, a clear picture of what the football industry is worth can be ascertained. FC Barcelona comes in second with total revenue amounting to 413.6 million sterling pounds. Broadcasting revenues accrued from domestic and international competitions were valued at 188.2 million Euros while commercial income totals to 176.8 million Euros (Mughal, 2014). Manchester United is

Global Economic Outlook and Challenges Faced by Singapore Essay

Global Economic Outlook and Challenges Faced by Singapore - Essay ExampleThis is endorsed by a survey by the McKinsey Group which finds that amid the uncertainty the prospects for enthronization banking in the emerging markets remain relatively bright (Bhme, Chiarella & Lemerle (2008). Southeast Asia however, has been making solid frugal come on since the financial crisis of 1977 but Singapore has been going through a lean pitch and much depends upon the economic activity that take place sphericly in the near future.The OECD countries accounted for 75% of the world GDP little than 5 decades ago which today accounts for less than 55 percent (Santiso, 2008). The US stock market that accounted for 50% of the world market capitalization now accounts for less than thirty five percent and continues to decline. Emerging markets worry Brazil, Mexico, Turkey and South Korea get down already become OECD members and Brazil is all set to become the global player. It is growing into a glob al trader reaching into markets like Middle East, Africa and South East Asia. The subprime crisis of the US can provide new oppurtunities for the Asia-pacific region. The Asia-Pacific investors are playing a key role in financial support the developed countries during the current financial turmoil.Berner (2008) of Morgan Stanley however fears that recession depart go global and the industrial economies will be flat in 2009. Most emerging economies have been facing a combination of foreign shocks and tighter monetary policies. Since the exports to the US would be reduced, it would impact the other economies as they would face decline in employment, which would have pressure on the income, consumers and their lenders.Most predictions estimate that the US economy will take a V-turn and not U-turn. The airline industry too is facing the darkest future as multiple airline liquidations will that cripple the economy that depends on affordable and efficient transportation system.

DNA Repair Mechanisms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DNA Repair Mechanisms - Research Paper ExampleThe optical parsimony of the culture was maintained at 540 nm. The cultures were then overt to different levels of UV-C, and were subsequently added to prewarmed ST medium. It was then incubated in the dyed at 80C with shaking. To determine which cells were viable, irradiated and control samples were grown in GT medium, diluted apply the very(prenominal) medium, and plated in the dark on 0.8% (wt/vol) Gelrite (Kelco) GT plates with pH = 3.0. The plates were placed in a humid chamber with a temperature of 80C for approximately 5 days, and colonies were counted. Meanwhile, increment footsteps were determined by spectrophotometric analysis at 540 nm of at least seven independent cultures grown in liquid, and generation times were cipher using Prizm 4.0 software. To visualize chromosomal damage, 4 x 109 suspended cells (optical density at 540 nm of 0.2 to 0.4) exposed to UV were obtained at 2-4 hours from the culture, and were treated with proteinase K and SfiI. The treated cell solutions were run using pulse-field jelly electrophoresis (PFGE) with a buffer temperature of 14C. with gels made of 1% agarose, 0.5xx TBE (9 mM Tris, 9 mM boracic acid, 0.2 mM EDTA), and with running parameters of 24 h at 5.5 V/cm using a 120o include angle with switch times of 60 to 120 s. The gels were stained using ethidium bromide and, chromosome repair was deliberate using GeneTools quantification software, with the untreated sample designated as 100% repair. Finally, using PCR as well as gene and protein analysis, the sequences of the terce strains were compared. Gene expression was then analyzed using RNA isolation, cDNA preparation, and qRT-PCR. The strains react differently to the varying amounts of UV irradiation. Upon the assessment of colony formation on solid medium, at the lowest UV dose (100 mJ/cm2), all three strains demonstrated resistance, with the highest survival rate recorded from strain 98/2 (23%, as compared to P2-A and P2-B, which had 11% and 13%, respectively). On the former(a) hand, P2B was the most sensitive to 200 mJ/cm2, displaying 5- to 7-fold-lower survival than the other two strains, while 98/2 was the most sensitive at 300 mJ/cm2. Next, the growth rate after UV exposure was determined. Normally, and at 100 mJ/cm2, 98/2 grew the fastest, although exposure to UV, despite using the lowest dose, resulted to a decreased growth rate for all the strains. On the other hand, both P2A and P2B regrew windy than 98/2 after exposure to 200 and 300 mJ/cm2. Despite differences in growth rates, the growth levels achieved for negative controls achieved the same levels as the UV-exposed set-ups. Upon SfiI digestion and PFGE, inherent differences in the genomic sequences of these three strains were seen. In UV-protected set-ups, P2A, 98/2 and P2B had two, three and four distinct digest fragments, respectively, which means that there are sequence disparities among the strains. After irradiation, double-strand break formation, seen as lower molecular weight smears at the bottom of the gel, was present for all the strains, with most breaks and slowest exquisite (50%) repair rate observed from P2B. Overall, however, 98/2

President John F. Kennedy's assassination Research Paper

death chair rump F. Kennedys blackwash - Research Paper ExampleWhile the Warren Commission determined that downwind Harvey Oswald assassinated President Kennedy, many alternative accounts have been proposed.This paper will examine at to the lowest degree(prenominal) ii of the proposed accounts on President Kennedys assassination and further evaluate these accounts from the perspective of Hume (empiricism), Descartes (rationalism), and Kant (transcendental idealism). The both accounts that argon examined in this paper are the findings of HSCA on the investigation of Kennedys assassination and the account of James Fetzer authorize Assassination Science. The account of HSCA stated that John Fitzgerald Kennedy being the 35th president of the U.S was shot dead on the November 22nd the year 1963 when riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas. According to its findings, Lee Harvey Oswald genuinely open fire three gun shots at the then President John F. Kennedy. The 2nd and the 3rd s hot that he fired struck the president and the 3rd shot was the one that killed the president. This account further stated that scientific acoustical proof recognized a high probability that more than one or two gunmen were involved at firing the gun shots at the president. The other scientific proof does not rule out the chances of two gunmen firing shots at the president. The scientific differentiate thus negated some of the specific cabal allegations. The HSCA delegacy believed that based on the evidence available or presented to it, president Kennedy was probably assassinated because of a conspiracy or political scheme. However, the HSCA committee was not capable of identifying the other claimed gunman or the level/ terminus of the claimed conspiracy. Another reason provided by HSCA to have made the assassination possible was that the departments and agencies of the U.S administration performed with various qualification degrees in the fulfillment of their duties. The presid ent was thus not accorded adequate protection. The account presented by James Fetzer authorise Assassination Science explained and reported the most important or vital scientific findings in the assassination study history of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. The account comprises of evidence stipulating that some of the autopsy X-rays on the dead body of President Kennedy were fabricated to cover a huge blow-out to the back of the head of the deceased by a shot from in front. Assassination experience account evidence suggest that other autopsy x-rays were altered by the imposition of a 6.5 mm metal object, which was not present on the original x-rays, photographs and diagrams that were alleged(a) to be those of JFKs brain were suspected to be the brain of someone else other then John Kennedy. James Fetzer further through his evidence claimed that the president alone was hit by at least four shots, one of which fired from in front went to his throat, the other fired from behind went to his back, and the remaining two fired from in front and behind went to his head. This evidence disapproved the magic bulled theory suggested by the HSCA report. Assassination science unveiled or discovered that in Dealey Plaza, for the duration of the assassination, an despotic minimum of around six shots were actually fired and that the Zapruder assassination film viewed by most people as the nearest account to absolute truth was edited extensively using a highly sophisticated or complex technique. The evidence presented by Fetzer

How Are Program Libraries Concatenated Assignment - 1

How Are Program Libraries Concatenated - Assignment Example range allows the entropy sets to be processed in a sequence automatically (Ebbers et al., 2011).- NEW designate that a peeled entropy set will be developed. The job has a unique access to the information set while it is running. Additionally, the data set should non exist on the same volume containing the new data, set or be in the system or user catalog (Ebbers et al., 2012).- SHR shows that a data set is already existing and that various concurrent jobs be able to share access and at the same time run. Mainly, all concurrent jobs should specify SHR (Ebbers et al., 2012).DISP=NEW shows that a file is new and does not exist in the system. DISP=OLD is used to show that a file will be overwritten, and and then the old data will disappear and replaced with new data. DISP=MOD implies that a new data is to be added at the end of a file (Ebbers et al., 2012).An indexed VSAM file is used when the data sets are held in susta in areas (CA) and control intervals (CI). The indexed VSAM file is used when the records are ordered according to a collating sequence of an embedded blush key field. Also, it is used where the order of the records is fixed or where the records are commanded by their relative key. In addition, VSAM files are used to insert new records into a suitable place in a file as well as the records that follow, which are moved to a new location. The VSAM file is used when there is no need for reorganization (Singh, 2011).The advantage of using a VSAM file is that various datasets are accessed efficiently and pronto because of its organization. Another advantage is that records are inserted in an effective way. The disadvantage of VSAM file usage is that the records are deleted from the dish physically rather than being removed logically (Somnath, 2010).- IEBGENER is a utility that copies one sequential data set to another.

Foundations of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Foundations of Human Resource heed - Essay ExampleMore everywhere, the globalization in the line of reasoning world diverted the attention of managers and owners of companies towards comprehending relationships and interests of customers with the corporation. For this reason, many measure employees interests were ignored and the increasing pressure of competition and customer satisfaction further amplified this practice of managers (Marchington, 2008). HRM practices of many companies exposit that, companys success is not solely dependent on its quality of harvest-home and run but also on its workplace environment and employer-employee relationship. On this basis, it is pertinent to develop an understanding regarding the record of employment relationship within an organization, and it effects on the perception of employees about the company (Sisson, 2010). In parity of todays corporate environment with that of some four decades ago, a major change in employees practices can be observed. Employee unions have been weakened in the recent fourth dimensions and their fountain over companys policies has also been reduced. Low wages and more work atomic number 18 consequences of the change in business environment and have changed the attitude of employees towards their company too. Moreover, the turnover ratio of employees has also increased significantly over the years, particularly in the Western countries. These factors amplify the need of understanding employment relations in the write down of contemporary environment and challenges in the globalized business society (Sisson, 2010). Nature of the Employment Relationship An existing dilemma in the corporate environment today is choosing between production-oriented management and state-oriented management. For production management, the hiring and firing of personnel be on the basis of target meeting and providing benefits to the sales or reputation of the company. On the other hand, people oriented management is concern with the code of conduct and personal practices of the labor force. These management practices define the nature of the organization and its interest towards employment relationship. The problem with the nature of the employment relation is that at any time either the interest of employees or the interest of the organization are been compromised (Williams & Smith, 2010). When the company is outsourcing resources, it is paying for the quality of the product the other company is offering. However, in the case of employment, the deal is between wage and the work done by the employees. Therefore, considering this relation between the employer and employees as solely contractual is not appropriate. It is because in a commercial contract, both(prenominal) parties have more or less equal position in the contract and have the index finger of denial or asking for accountability. Contrary to this, employees working in an organization have fewer power in the contact and are oblige to perform whatever been asked for the sake of money. The commonly heard harm of work pressure, offensive work environment and negligence of employee rights are thus the consequences of an imbalance in the contractual standings of the two parties (Budd, 2004). Interests of both employer and employees also hold an important place in formulating the nature of the employment relation. Interests of the employer are to provide the companys product to its customers at the right quality, price and time. On the other han

Global running and competitive status study of Shire plc 187 Essay

Global running and warring status study of Shire plc 187 - Essay ExampleWith around 15 brands operating under the comprehensive of Shire Plc the company has not only enhanced their merchandise place but also change their business operations (Shire, 2014). Recently Biopharmaceuticals Company AbbVie opted for taking over Shire Plc and after numerous reconsiderations and deals among both the organisations the deal was called off. The initial offer of AbbVie was 27.3 billion which was then increased to $54.8 billion (Bennett and Chen, 2014). However, given the changes in the US Tax Inversion process, AbbVie backed out of the merger process for which they will have to wage a total of $1.6 billion to Shire Plc as breakup fee. Following this change in their strategic activities, Shire Plc experienced a steep fall of 27% in their share prices (Yahoo Finance, 2014).The target market of Shire Plc is patients suffering from behavioural health, gastrointestinal problems and other rare dise ases (Shire, 2014). Shire Plc has also developed a good brand value in the market of regenerative medicines. The target markets selected by Shire Plc hold roughly of the largest consumer segments in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry (Angell, 2004). One of the core competencies of the company is the diversity in their client offerings. The interesting fact about the management process of Shire Plc is that all their business success has primarily come from their mergers, acquisitions and alliances (Market Line, 2014).The ability to integrate the various cultures with the organisational mission and vision has gained them a unique competitive prefer that provides both cost and differentiation advantages over their competitors. However, Shire Plc is still largely dependent on their circumspection Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) drugs for generating market revenue while other categories such as medicines related to GI or Hereditary Angioedema are still not able to

What is the role of broca area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is the role of broca arena - Essay typefaceThe region was named after a French neurosurgeon called Paul Broca who is responsible for the discovery of the role of Brocas area when he was examining the brains of patients who had difficulty in language. Anybody with damaged Brocas area of their brain will not be fitted to understand the language properly, but they will have difficulty in the talk formation and take. another(prenominal) brain region called Wernickes area is connected to Brocas area (Grodzinsky, pg. 7). The Wernickes area is also responsible for the understand and processing language, and when the area is damaged, it lead to a deficiency of language but one fail to have in mind the details.Together with the Wernickes area, Brocas area is located within the left hemisphere of the brain. Given its role in language production and understanding, Brocas area has a perfect proximity to the motor cortex, therefore, the neurons from the Broca area sends signals to the larynx, to the saliva and finally to the mouth motor areas. The mouth motor area then sends the signal to the corresponding muscles which, therefore, facilitates the populace of sounds. According to a recent study on the functions of the left frontal gyrus in the literal fluency, it is found that the pars opercularis (Brodmann area 44) sub-serves phonological fluency while pars triangularis (Brodmann area 45) is responsible for the semantic fluency (Grodzinsky, pg. 19). be located within the frontal lobe of the brain, Brocas Area is linked to the human language and speech. Brocas Area is strictly associated with the production of language, it also has an important role in the understanding of language as well, and also deals with production of speech related actions and gestures. A person with damaged Brocas Area will suffer from Brocas Aphasia, which does not interfere with the demeanor a person understands a language but will make the person have a

See details box Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

See details box - Essay ExampleThe almost important part of be a student was to keep up with the pace of teachers and peers. Since I am a working stimulate who is pursuing for higher education and license in nursing therefore timely submissions, daily trounce revisions, group studies, assignments and quizzes were difficult to handle. However, if I look back I believe that these college years taught me how to thrive in difficult situations. One of the most important skills that I have developed is multi-tasking. Keeping priorities known and playacting them accordingly helped me greatly in keeping my commitments as a student. Exercising multitasking does not necessarily meaning having a long list of to-dos followed by performing those tasks one by one. Instead it means identifying the most important tasks and putting them on top of the list while low priority tasks can be adjusted in the routine.One of the difficulties that I faced during my college life was effective time manage ment. Despite the situation that I was aware of prioritization and had tried hard to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, keeping track of time and merging deadlines was always an issue. Since I am a full-time nurse with two children, time management was my biggest dumbfound in college years. Other than that, continuous travelling between work place, college and home along with managing professional and ad hominem commitments posed a big difficulty at times. However, these college years taught me to handle more in a limited time and look for suitable alternatives that may serve the purpose such as having day care near my college and also forming alliance with my partner to take care of children.During the college years, there was a never closing list of assignments, class room tests, discussions, team meetings and not the least, surprise quizzes that had share in overall grades. In order to make my professional profile look better, it was important for me to secure reasonable grades which obviously undeniable

Poetry College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Poetry College - Essay ExamplePeople were kidnapped or detain in a manner to be spind only to attain the money. Stealing, robbery, theft were increasing day by day. It was not only suffering in life but terror of slaughtering getting mellowed to its peak. Blacks were suffering from the injustice of Whites, poor were suffering from the miseries country facing due to the colonizing, Children were killed, a totally a horrifying condition was cosmos seen in the country which was only be settled down by changing the thoughts of mind and soul. Many of the authors and poets in addition with the politicians and government tried psychologically to eliminate the major crimes equal, terrorism of slaughtering, racism, tortures and literate people from the sufferings and miseries faced by the country due to diasporas and colonized.Margret Atwood, one of the famous Canadian writer known for her novels, but is a good author and writer to brief poems, articles, con stories and hardly a(preno minal) she worked for television and movies as well. She was born in Ottawa, Ontario on 18 November, 1939 and started her writings since she was young. She qualified herself in English literature and taught English for some time in University of British Columbia. She was near to nature and wrote many poems and novels about(predicate)(predicate) the environment, personalities, and natural world. Moreover, she was a fervent writer for the kids and though wrote many poems and short stories for them. She was a keen observer and wants to participate herself in the efforts to make the country hygienic to breath in freely. She enthusiastically wrote many short stories and poems to tell the world and the people of her country what they are suffering with and morally help them to eliminate the crimes. compose to the Amnesty Report on Torture was written in 1978. It was a poem compiled in unsubdivided English explaining the conditions of the torture domiciliate along with different sho cking and horrifying images in the poem about the torture chamber showing the harsh features of politics. She from the very first stanza clarified the view of the torture chamber by resembling it with something very worst. She made the readers imagine that it neither resembles the dungeon with cob webs, nor it reminds you of opera sets which are being fully designed but by words the dangerous one. It actually looks a lot like to a dirty, grimy, smutty and unclean railway station. However, this railway station is being cleaned every time by a hooked man but still it impressions stinky as if its a hospital with the smell of antiseptics and spirits. These stinky smells are in cooperated with the smell of blood. Her simile for the smell of the blood is equivalent to the one advance from the butchers shop. She in her following stanza of the poem mentions the briefs about the man working there as a sweeper, cleaning floors all the time. This man cleans all the remnants spread all over t he chamber the previous night. The torture is so harsh that people who are brave they forgets their bravery, innocent people may die, their torn fingers, or may hacked tongue are thrown away. To this all that cleaning man is grateful that e has this antic to clear vomit, covering the dead bodies or collecting fingers rather than breaking or killing somebody. The words, Margaret Atwood use in the poem Footnote to the

Black people in south africa in the 90 s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

caustic people in south africa in the 90 s - Essay ExampleThough the sell and sharing of political power is long a matter of the past, the leveling of economic disparities among the non-White peoples of South Africa the Great Compromiser an elusive and as yet unrealized goal.Africa in general, though South Africa in particular, has in the conclusion twenty years been a testing ground for a variety of programs and initiatives to heal racial divisions and let off racial and social inequities. At a more general level, there is Africas role in the broad redefinition of international morality and law. Africa, perhaps more than any other continent, has helped to make domestic racialism in a particular society an issue of international relevance (Mazrui 304). The paradox is such that though South Africa led the way in redressing the political wrongs left by colonialism, it has largely faltered in touch on the socio-economic ones. It is that disparity which stands before us here.The Un ion of South Africa was formed into a dominion of the British empire in 1910, whereupon racial segregation and economic isolation became an institutionalized policy of the white-dominated government (South Africa 1998). Looking back, this was by far the decision which would have the greatest consequences upon the future of the country. Even if the ways and means whereby race-based economic disparities go on to plague South Africas black population throughout the 1990s were as widespread as the disparities themselves, one area for which the country should receive praise is in the realm of literacy rates and infant mortality. By 2000 literacy rates had risen from their pre-1991 level of some 77% to approximately 88% of the population, a marked increase. This successfully solved the lack of primary reading skills in those members of the population who had until then been ignored or denied basic access to education. As well, infant mortality levels have dropped from 49% in 1990 to 46% in 2007, a change which can be directly attributed

Rhetoric from renaissance to modern day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rhetoric from renaissance to modern day - show ExampleIt is important to understand from the very beginning, that the division of the history of ornateness into periods is somewhat conventional. In fact, from the moment of the emergence of rhetoric in its classical form, and through the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the period of the early modern history, and up until modern times there was taking place an interconnected process of diversification of fields of covering of rhetoric, as it was endowed with many different tasks during its 2500 year history by needs of politics, religion, philosophy, and science. In general, in the time that preceded the Renaissance rhetoric was made to serve Christian religious goals instead of political ones as it was the case with the classical rhetoric. Also, during the Middle Ages the classical prescriptive attitude to notion of good composition was greatly intensified, so that many medieval rhetoric works contained barely rules and examples o f composition. In the early Renaissance there appeared rhetoric that followed classical examples but was composed in vernacular language. Rhetoricians who practiced such an approach accentuated the exam of style, and at times directly connected their vision with poetry. Another significant factor that influenced Renaissance rhetoric was the work of Peter Ramus, who wanted to reform the so-called medieval trivium (studied by medieval students as a combination of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic) by shifting accents in the classical division of the stages of composing on invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Rhetoric of Ramus deepens the dissolution between these stages, and assigns invention and arrangement to the field of logic. In general, Ramists strived to establish a strictly logical drift that would be efficient due its rationality. For Ramists, rhetoric relates only to style, memory, and delivery. In their turn, memory and delivery gradually declined in signi ficance during the Renaissance due to introduction of printing, which made written texts ever more essential for political, religious, and schoolman life. In this situation, rhetoricians of the Renaissance began to view the role of rhetoric in upper-class education as of a means to decorate ones ideas with the most graceful appearance.The University of Edinburghs rhetoricians, for whom such an attitude to rhetoric was trivializing, attempted to halt this inclining by postulating, on the basis of connecting of rhetoric with psychology, that the study of right and convincing style created not only nonrecreational orators but good people as such. Their greatest influence on America credibly stemmed from works of 1780s of Hugh Blair, who accentuated the ethical qualities of belletristic taste and authorized the social superiority of a professional public speaker. Actually at this time George Campbell, another rhetorician of the Scottish tradition, related rhetoric to the run of the human mind, and described eloquence as the art to adapt handling to its proper end. Alexander Bain, a later Scottish rhetorician, argued that persuasive discourse is formed by combining ideas in such a way that they produce the needed emotion in the public. Bain also formulated familiar classification of structures of discourse - narration, description, exposition, and argumentation. For America with its young democracy, the Scottish modification of classical rhetoric was especially important, as there was a perceived need for

Gender Archaeology Essay Example for Free

Gender Archaeology EssayGender archaeology is a celestial sphere of study that encompasses different approaches in the study of sex. It developed in the 1980s at the time womens rightist movement emerged in many societies including America and Britain questioning the male bias of the mainstream archaeology. Gender plays a solid role in constructing society and its values, categorizing which ar female or male roles, and creating meanings and identity.However, studying the concept of grammatical grammatical sex activity is difficult as its meaning is influenced by many factors and relationships in the society. Arguments atomic number 18 raised that sex activity, unlike the biological sex, does non exist and complicated to test with archaeology. One of the traditional approaches in studying gender is through material subtlety where tangible evidences be correlated with the presence of men and women such as artefacts and tools excavated, suggesting a representation of th e deuce genders and their activities (Shaw and Jameson 2000 251).The productive use of material culture is one of the most probative contributions of archaeologists unlike other disciplines which ignore the potentials of material and its symbolic representations and meaning construction of gender (Bintliff 200485). Scholars should recognize the relevance of material culture as it is able to correlate the objects and its physical realities and consequences to gender, allowing varied ways of exploring an object or material. It provides resources for reference and medium for practice of gender.It aids the study of gender archaeology in all geographical regions, categories of material culture, and periods (Gilchrist 1999 15). One of the research methods used in studying material culture is a subject study, which is also commonly used in feminist archaeology, where archaeologist become ethnographers. They visit the site or region of analysis aiming to reconstruct the past societies w ith as much details as possible closely the past peoples lifestyle, customs, traditions, beliefs, and other events (Nelson 2006 45).In this way, history of people and its meanings are identified through material evidences which represent relationship to gender. Numerous studies have revealed astounding facts and evidence allureing to an understanding on how the meanings of gender and its facets are identified. Many pre-historical studies have been conducted around the world in knowing how men and women are represented, particularly in artefacts, and how these representations construct or deconstruct the roles of each gender.In a study, Ungendering Archaeology Concepts of charge and Gender in Figurine Studies in Prehistory, Naomi Hamilton analysed and interpreted the prehistoric anthromorphic figurines from tocopherolern Europe and the Near East (Donald and Hurcombe 2000 18). Hamilton devised as methodology to identify sex on the visits and analyse the stereotypes attached to it regarding Western gender roles. in that location were numerous figurines unearthed from Europe but the interpretations are different and some propagation contradicting. Some scholars argue that these figures, particularly those with women, represents goddess idolization but others did not agree.According to Hamilton, there is a need for a theory on gender and gender relations that would at least provide better explanations than the traditional studies. For any unfamiliar figure, it would be easier to assume that a certain object represents a male or a female goddess or creature but others might interpret it differently. In Seklo group from Greece, for example, an excavator thought of the distorted figure with womanly shape as representation of female centaur while other objects resembling male figure are assumed as enthroned men.Later, the female-like figure was interpreted in different views seated figure, goddess, or female on a birth stool. These varied translations happen mo st of the times because, as Hamilton argued, archaeologists readily accept that aspects of benevolent life have universal characteristics such that what is commonly associated with women in another region or date of reference is assumed to be similar in another region of different period (Donald and Hurcombe 2000 28).Hamilton argued that the ambiguity the two mutually exclusive genders (male and female) and its resemblance to historical Western societies have not been questioned. Traditional assumptions on these figurines readily announced as representation of sex and gender roles and not other things. Besides, interpretations are based blimpish view on gender. Archaeologists assumed that there is a standard gender division in culture but anthropologists say otherwise. In many historical figurines, most represent female as it was how assumed by archaeologists.It must be that male is not so superior in the old times than now. Obviously, there are difficulties and contrasting view s on identifying which gender figurines stand for. Hence it is important to consider not to identify each figure as sex symbol only but also satisfy other information on culture to avoid pre-conceive notions that men or women are represented in such matter for a period of time and also to avoid stereotypes on the roles of women. Research on gender might suffer if there is a strong bias on either gender or gender differences.The assumption that every culture has standard or similar male-female divisions of characteristics might lead to building a gender based on stereotypes (Hamilton 2004). These might influence on how men and women are viewed today and how their roles are determined in every aspects of life such as family, politics, or academe. Hamiltons study on figurines has a plausible argument that the traditional assumptions of archaeologists have made conclusions that are inaccurate and lacks credibility.This is an important consideration since these kind of assumptions lead to opposing views damaging or overrating either gender especially women who has been, for a long time, regarded as subordinate to men. List of References Blintiff, J. L. (2004) A Companion to Archaeology. United demesne Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Gilchrist, R. (1999) Gender and Archaeology Contesting the Past. Taylor Francis. Hamiton, S. M. (2004) Gender in Archaeology. Rowman Altamira. Nelson, S. M. (2006) Handbook of Gender in Archaeology. Rowman Altamira Shaw, I. and Jameson, R. (2000) A dictionary of Archaeology. United Kingdom Wiley-Blackwell

Humanistic Theories of Organizations Essay Example for Free

benevolentistic Theories of Organizations EssayThe kinship between the boss and the employee is an important one indeed. It is a relationship that can make or halt an organization. While classical theorist such as Fredrick Taylor (Scientific Management Theory), Henri Fayol (Administrative Theory) and Max Weber (Theory of Bureaucracy) (Modaff, Butler, Dewine 2012 p26.) emphasized the factual structure of an organization i.e. worker productivity, chain of command and preserving organizational authority, they were not too concerned with an organizations amicable structure. However, Human Relations Theory (Modaff, Butler, Dewine 2012 p43. ) builds more on an organizations kind structure suggesting that an organization can advantage greatly from a domineering social relationship between its supervisors and its employees. It is clear that there is a positive connection between trusty lead and employee juncture behavior (Hsin-Hua Hsiung 2012).Authentic Leadership, Employee vocalize Behavior the Hawthorne Studies Hsin-Hua Hsiung (2012) quoting Walumbwa et al. 2008, p. 94 writes that Authentic Leadership refers to a pattern of leader behavior that draws upon and promotes both positive psychological capacities and a positive ethical climate, to foster greater self-awareness, an internalized moral perspective, balanced processing of information, and relational transparency on the part of leaders working with followers, fostering positive self-development. In the referred to article Authentic Leadership and Employee Voice Behavior A Multi-Level Psychological Process (Hsin-Hua Hsiung 2012) the author discusses an investigative area of the psychological process of how authentic leadership affects employee voice.He suggests that the theoretical model of the study proposes that positive mood of the employees and, what he terms, the leadermember exchange or LMX quality mediate the relationship between authentic leadership and voice behavior, while the procedu ral justice climate moderates the mediation effects of positive mood and LMX quality (Hsin-Hua Hsiung 2012). This study ultimately revealed the cross-level effects of authentic leadership, and provided practical suggestions to assist employees expressing themselves and their feels in the organization (Hsin-Hua Hsiung 2012). Ironically, the Hawthorne Studies (Mayo, Roethlisberger Dickson 1939) in humans relations had a similar conclusion. Among other implications these studies (Illumination, Relay Assembly Test fashion, the Interviewing Program and Wiring Room Studies) collectively proposed that supervisors pay attention to your workers to increase their satisfaction and productivity (Modaff, Butler, Dewine 2012 p).Conclusion, Strengths and WeaknessesIn conclusion, the article in my opinion was a fair explanation of a study that concluded that there are positive implications for social interaction between supervisors and employees. The strength and weakness of the article is the authors supporting research material. While he quotes some(prenominal) researchers and documents to validate his findings and his theory is supported by what the author terms multi-level data from 70 workgroups of a corporeal estate agent company in Taiwan, he failed to research or mention the Human Relation Theory or the Hawthorne Studies (Mayo, Roethlisberger Dickson 1939) which in my opinion would have further strengthened theory.ReferencesHsiung, H. H. (2012). Authentic leadership and employee voice behavior A multi-level psychological process. . Journal of business ethics, 107 (3), 349-361. doi 10.1007/s10551-011-1043-2 Modaff, D. P., Butler, J. A., Dewine, S. (2012). Organizational communication foundations, challenges, and misunderstandings. (3rd ed.). Glenview Illinois Pearson

MSN Nurse Interview Essay Example for Free

MSN Nurse interrogate EssayIntroductionA face-to-face interrogate was performed of a Masters wide-awake nurse, Mrs. H., to seek refreshed knowledge about a role desired from the interviewer. Taking information from a practicing Masters lively nurse will help the interviewer develop an understanding of opportunities, c areer advancement and the practice of someone in the Master in Science of Nursing (MSN) role. Review of the educational preparation, personal experience, and accomplishments of a Masters prepared nurse will be discussed. Mrs. H, describes her journey from Associates Degree in Nursing through obtaining her Masters degree in education, and her post masters certificate as a clinical Nurse Specialist. The interview will develop an understanding of the MSN in practice.Interview SelectionThe interview chosen was the role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) in Critical Care. The interviewers knowledge of this role is very limited. However, this role is viewed as a n educator for a specific unit. The person interviewed checkers a MSN in education and a post potassium alum certificate as a CNS. This interview was conducted due to not only the MSN in education, but fermentation of the CNS post graduate certificate. These positions are held by respected members of the nurse profession and hold endless possibilities.Career OverviewThe interviewed, Mrs. H., has held a variety of jobs/careers in her deportment. Upon high school graduation, Mrs. H. obtained a job in retail as a sales associate. Through hard break down and dedication, Mrs. H. worked her way up to management in retail. However, Mrs. H. quickly discovered that retail held long hours and no room for growth without an education. Upon self reflection, Mrs. H. made a decision to go to school and make a careerchange. Her decision was she wanted to help pack and make a difference. Mrs. H. obtained her Associates Degree in Nursing (ADN) in 1997. During this time, she continued to work part-time in retail on evenings and weekends to earn money. Upon limit of her ADN, she got a job at the local hospital on the medical-surgical unit. She quickly discovered her love of breast feeding and wanted to do more.Thus Mrs. H. continued to work in nursing and went back to school and obtained her Bachelors Degree in Nursing (BSN) in 2002. Upon completion of her BSN, she transferred within the hospital to a Surgical ICU unit where she worked for a couple of years in front deciding to pursue her Masters Degree in Nursing (MSN). However, prior to pursuing her MSN, Mrs. H. was inevitable to take the GRE and get a good score to qualify for her MSN program. She spent months studying for her GRE. Eventually, when Mrs. H. felt she was ready, she sit down for the GRE and was pleased to discover she received the number on the GRE she needed to get into her MSN program.While continuing to work as much as possible, Mrs. H. went back to school and obtained her MSN in education in 2008 . She recalls school, papers, maintaining a family life and balancing work being very difficult, but states it makes the reward of graduating even better. Her MSN has opened up some doors and opportunities for her, as her career responsibilities continue to grow. Mrs. H. became a leader on her unit and held the title of supervisor/educator for the Surgical ICU. The desire to continue to learn and grow and make a difference in healthcare continued to weigh on Mrs. Hs mind, thus she obtained her Post Masters CNS in Critical Care board certification in 2013.Present PositionMrs. H. has a variety of experiences as a nurse. Presently, Mrs. H. is in charge of all long-suffering, staff and student education on one of the minute care units. Furthermore, Mrs. H. helps change, write and build policies for her institution. In addition, she participates in several hospital wide committees aimed at patient safety, performance improvement and nursing engagement.Mrs. H. describes her position a s one that has changed from supporting nursing practice and understand information, to one that conducts research and develops pathways for care. She states she uses nursing theory,evidenced based practice (EBP), and critical thinking skills to change nursing care provided throughout the hospital. In addition to her full time role at the hospital, Mrs. H. teaches BSN classes at a local university. Mrs. H. admits all of this would not be possible without her education, commitment and determination in life. Her career opportunities miss into her lap as she describes it. However, Mrs. H. will also humbly admit that through her leading skills and her educational background, she proven herself to be worthy of her opportunities.On more than one occasion, Mrs. H. stated to never give up. When asked what exactly was meant by that, Mrs. H. stated to remember that no one is ever too old to continue their education. Furthermore, Mrs. H. encourages nurses to be the better they can be. Follo w our hearts and dont be afraid to speak out on patients behalf. Many words Mrs. H. said were interesting, but most importantly always seek to be the shell at whatever it is in life.ConclusionInspiring others and leading change are attributes of effective leaders that are crucial in preparing nursing students for professional practice (Adelman-Mullally, 2013, p. 30). Another important aspect of leadership is challenging the system to bring about desired change. Both healthcare and nursing education are experiencing change that creates unpredictability. Leaders recognize these challenges and have the confidence and courage to propose new ideas. (Adelman-Mullally, 2013, p. 32).The profession of nursing and the advancement of healthcare are directly related to effective leaders in nursing who hold higher(prenominal) levels of nursing education, pursue excellence in nursing practice, and motivate others to perform to a higher standard. All of this is in line with Grand Canyon Universit ies mission of providing role models through education in order to be effective communicators, critical thinkers and responsible leaders (GCU, p. 1).ReferencesAdelman-Mullally, T. (2013). The Clinical Nurse Educator as Leader. Nurse Education Practice. 13(1)29-34. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22854312 Grand Canyon University (GCU).Mission and Vision at Grand Canyon University. Retrieved from www.gcu.ed

Government Regulations and Standards That Affect the Policy and Target Population Essay Example for Free

Government Regulations and Standards That Affect the Policy and ass Population EssayUse the information you gathered for the Week Two assignment and research regime regulations and standards that affect the policy and target commonwealth you chose. You can research your give ins legislative segment or the Web sites listed in Appendix G, for example, for laws, regulations, and standards affecting human service organizations. Describe the current political sympathies regulations or standards you researched. What kind of impact do these regulations or standards take a leak on your issue and target world?Identify obstacles that would prevent you from meeting the needs of your target population. Consider future trends and changes to social policy that may be necessary in order for your issue to be resolved or for the target population to have its needs satisfied. Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in APA format, with references, summarizing your research results. Post your pap er as a Microsoft Word attachment. Due Day 7 moolah Works and the Department of Human Resources ar both government funded agencies to assist those in the state of Michigan that are in need of introductory survival needs.Both of these agencies work together to protagonist families get back on track to bind themselves and develop a better understanding of how to assist themselves. Under the Department of Human Resources (DHS), the regulations to obtain notes assistance or welfare, from the State, the individual needs to attend the Michigan Works program to seek trading (to get off the welfare). Due to major cuts last year, the state has made reformed decisions on slipway of obtaining serve up from the state.Family Independence Program (FIP) also known as cash in assistance in the state of Michigan requires the applicants to sign up for the JET program (Jobs, Education and Training) through Michigan Works. The main refinement of FIP is to help families become self-supportin g and independent. FIP is temporary cash assistance for low-income families with minor children and pregnant women. FIP helps them pay for living expenses such as rent, heat, utilities, clothing, food and personal address items.Recently, the eligibility requirements have gotten tighter. There is a 48 calendar month lifetime limit now, in which thousands lost their assistance last October. Also to qualify for FIP, children must be under the age of 18, or a high school student age 18. The childs parents, stepparents, and siblings who live together normally make up the FIP group. A relative acting as a parent or legal guardians may be included in the group if the parent is not in the home.A person can sometimes be eligible for FIP when there is no child in the group, such as a pregnant woman, or parents whose child is in foster care but is judge to return home within one year. Only U. S. citizens are eligible for FIP and must only have up to $3,000 in summations. And with assets s uch as your vehicles and personal belongings are not counted. The property asset limit is $500,000. The state allow for step in also if one of the parents in not on the same case as the child which would require a support statement through the courts (child support).Finally, anyone who receives cash assistance must attend the JET program to ensure that individual is seeking employment weekly. each programs are there for those who As for policies of FIP, this policy is necessary to ensure that Michigans limited resources are available to help those truly in needs that require a hand-up on the road to self-sufficiency. The State of Michigan has a number of programs available to help recipients step toward independence. Many of these programs focus specifically on the welfare of children ensured for their health, care and development.Those programs include Medicaid, Food and Rent Assistance, Child Developmental Care, WIC, MiChild, Step Forward Michigan, Childrens Special health Serv ices, Michigan Works, Vaccines for Children, Child and Adolescent Health Center Program, Maternity Outpatient Medical Services, State Emergency Relief. The tutelage for Michigan Works is to provide leadership and work, and promote quality and excellence for the advancement of Michigans Workforce Development System and its customers and professionals. Michigan Works Association was established in 1987 to provide services and support to Michigans Workforce Development System.Michigan Works Agencies assist job seekers and employers in their communities. While each agency is unique, all 25 Michigan Works Agencies share several key qualities Locally-responsive and demand-driven, Governed by a Workforce Development Board comprised of private sector representatives and Local Elected Officials, exit access to a full range of core employment-related services to help businesses find the skilled workers they need, and help job seekers find satisfying careers. Their policies are to educate, train and help obtain employment for anyone who needs it.DHS will designate individuals to Michigan Works to help individuals gain independence and not have to receive welfare. Michigan Works Association builds and maintains strong relationships with legislators and advocates on behalf of the Michigan Works System. Through the Association, members can access timely, pertinent professional development opportunities to ensure high-quality programs and service delivery to all customers. The Association also convenes meetings as a way for members to network and share best practices, and coordinates events to promote the Michigan Works System.

Description of the Activity Essay Example for Free

Description of the feativity EssayThe Heijs Group is a Dutch keep company which is comprised of three soul operating companies. These companies atomic number 18 solely concerned with the bring of poultry nitty-gritty. At the companies sites at Leek and Haulerwijk, the chickens atomic number 18 slaughtered and processed for both the deep frozen and fresh chicken markets. The third site at Hoogeveen only produces chicken fillets this is as well the company which I shall examine.Heijs sustenance Products BVHeijs food overlaps BV became a division of the Heijs Group in 1997. It is purely engaged in producing top grade chicken fillets. The thoraxs atomic number 18 supplied by other action companies in the group.Once on site, the breasts atomic number 18 b atomic number 53d which produces a pause bore cut of fresh chicken filletthe fillets atomic number 18 circumstantialally cut to coat and encumbrance graded. They argon mainly supplied to the wholesale trade nat ionally and abroad. Customers include the manufacturers of ready meals, catering companies and supermarkets. Heijs food Products BV is a company whose filets chicken and learns the chicken meat ready to sell.Heijs victuals Products BV main designs atomic number 18 to stay in the highest market segment so that they only produce high choice food. To achieve this main objective HFP has a number of corpses to make sure that the product had the highest possible quality. These systems are called HCCP, IKB, GHP, DRC, ISSO9002, ACP, and BRC bequeath be go on explained later in my report. Because a few of these systems Heijs food Products BV may alike sell their products to England which is their largest trading country. (BRC, ACP)P2 an rendering of four functional areas, including human resources, explain how each(prenominal) contributes to the business activity and giving examples of job roles associated with each areaQuality under relieve Research and developmentThe use o f innovative and better machinery contributes with making a high quality product. Quality control makes sure that everything is all right with the food safety and hygiene. The companys insurance on quality control will be controlled by special trained employees who ache had fostering in handling with the quality control. Twice a year at that place is an care by the NEN-ISO organisation. This inspection can make a big difference for the company, if the NEN-ISO organisation concludes errors in the working method of performance the certificate be put on probation for a finish of cartridge clip to get the entire company on the NEN-ISO regulations.They do this by the bring home the baconing seven systems1 NEN -EN- ISO 9002This international standard specifies requirements with regard to quality management. The Heijs Group are accredited with NEN -EN- ISO 9002The objectives of the standard are* The Heijs Group is capable of consistently supplying products which to the full mee t client demands and to a standard which complies with relevant canon* Improving client satisfaction by using the standard to review and improve processesThe standards in general concerns quality systems and documentation, with specific emphasis on the management of responsibility, management of resources, product development, measurement, analysis and improvement.2 HACCPHACCP is the abbreviation for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points. This signifies risk analysis and the management of critical points in the production process. The system has been developed as a preventative manner of work in relation to the general quality management exercised over the production of foodstuffs.The HACCP system assessesa. biological contamination, ex. Pathogenic microbes, toxicants, microbes, yeasts, fungi, parasitesb. chemical contamination such as pesticides, antibiotics, disinfection or cleansing agents, rotund metals, lubricants, additivesc. Physical contamination rust, wood chippings, me tal splinters, glass, stones, plastic, hairs, construction etc.In order to prevent these dangers, there are strict measures and work agreements included in the HACCP quality system of Heijs pabulum Productions.3 DLG Qualitts PrmierungAnnually, for a number of years, Heijs Food Productions arrest been awarded a reckon by DLG in Germany for their poultry products.The prize was in recognition for products which achieved a high organoleptic standard of products for consumers. The award considered product appearance, consistency, smell and taste.The judges were an independent panel of competent professionals who have extensive knowledge and experience of poultry products.4 GHP- reckonThe GHP code has 2 directs of standard an international standard but there is a second level which the Dutch meat processing industry has added to the standard and which has been adopted across the Country.The objective of the code is for meat processing companies to guarantee hygiene standards and to improve hygiene management. The Heijs Group believe this is a basic production requirement.The GHP code is a production requirement which has been incorporated into the IKB standard.5 BRC Standard(Technical Standard for companies supplying retailer branded food products)The British Retail Consortium developed a technical standard for food manufacturers who supplied to the retail markets. The standard has now been adopted as a requirement of supply by many reputable intrinsic nodes and retail supermarkets.The standard includes, amongst other pointsa. the application of a HACCP systemb. a documented quality systemc. the management of all aspects of production the product, processes and personnel to ensure food safety, quality and legalityAll Companies in the Heijs Group are approved to the BRC standard. The poultry processing units are approved to the Higher Level of the standard.6 ACP(Assured Chicken Production Ltd. Poultry Standards)ACP is a full quality programme which is assess ed by an independent organisation. The ACP plan objective is to boost products that are produced to a recognised standard, which is recognised by the consumer to guarantee product safety, quality and in the case of poultry -welfare standards.The main points in the standard covers food safety, t consortability, animal welfare, environmental care, and the nearly being and safety of animals in their rearing environment.The Heijs Group was the first company outside the UK which fully quenched the ACP requirements. Only those Companies which satisfy the conditions laid out in the standard can apply the ACP logo on their products.ACP is a standard which has now a requirement of many supermarkets.7 IKBThe IKB chicken programme is a method for quality management in poultry production. For example in order to reduce the level of microbiological contamination of all species of salmonella there is total control through out the production strand from pedagogy to processing. This prevents cross contamination within the Company itself and also between other external sites.The IKB standard has specific standards to be complied with for building construction, company hygiene policies and procedures and processing techniques.Provisions are also made which have led to an improvement in the slaughter of birds which has resulted in an improvement in meat quality.The IKB standard has hanker been recognised by the Heijs Group as an unconditional requirement for quality chicken production.Production within Heijs Food Productions the main part is the production part. First they get chicken breast and then the breasts are boned for a better quality cut of fresh chicken fillet, than they cut the fillets specifically to size and weight. The use of new machinery and better production methods also contribute to a better and hygiene of the product.Heijs Food Production must also keep food safety in caution because the customer demands a safe and high quality product. This is ensur ed by the regulations and the food safety systems which Heijs Food Productions has (Please see P1).The chicken fillets are mainly supplied to customers abroad there two main export countries are Germany and Great-Britain. Exporting there product is a main source of income. The percentage of Export and National sales are as follow* Export 95%* National Sale 5%The delivery time on Export products are divided into two different areass as you will see below* Fresh 10 eld (after slaughter)* Frozen 6 months (after slaughter)Most regular customers are in the following sectors* Manufacturers of ready meals* Catering companies* Supermarkets.Heijs Food Productions has a minimum standard of 18000 kilos production a day this is 65% of their total production capacity. This mean that they are capable of producing a theoretical figure of 27692 kilos daily (depending on demand of the customer and supply by supplier).The function of the production is* Produce high quality chicken fillets* Bone the chicken breast* Cut the Fillets specifically to size and weightAfter the production the product is packed either in bags or in boxesThe production department contributes to the business in a way of making a high quality product. Without the production department the company would non be able to exist This department is a crucial part of the Heijs Food Group.Marketing and SalesWithin the company of Heijs there has been a separation between marketing and sales. They dont market their product a lot because good chicken fillets promote them self, they promote the company by trucks with advertisement on it and with the package of the chicken fillets (there is also advertisement on it)Marketing activities* Showing we have a good product (by showing certificates like ISO* Developing new packaging* Driving with trucks with our message on themOn sales there are two persons active voice One does all the customer contacts and one makes all the contracts and other documentationCustomer conta ct is highly important if you trade with other customers for example you must know what is appropriate in the country which you are trading with.The most important childbeds of sales are* Customer Contact* Orders enquiries* Making Special offers* put up Customer ContractsThe sales department within the Heijs Company is a part which is crucial for the instauration of the company. As you will know each department within a company are evenly important to the business. They contribute to the existence of the company by doing there part of the business activity. Without the Sales department Heijs Food Products they would not be able to handle customers or wouldnt have customers at all.AdministrationThe task of the administration with Heijs Food Productions is to keep a record of all the personnel like for example complaint and absence. Also is the administration in charge of the pay wages of the personnel. The administration is set in the previous of the building so that they can do the answer as well.The administration is done by one employee this person is hired to do all the administration within Heijs Food Production. Another task of the employee is victorious care of all the necessary work at Reception.main activities of the Administration and ReceptionadministrationreceptionKeep record of personnelwelcoming the visitorsin charge of wagesanswer echo callswrite emails to customers entertain through messagesCustomer registrationFinancial workThe reception connects telephone calls through, and gives through messages. They also reply to customer enquiries and orders. Incoming post is divided by the personal of the Administration. Welcoming visitors and guide them to the run into or contact the person which is requested.The Administration/reception is an important task it contributes to the business in a way of doing all the administrational work if that is not done the company would not know where it would stand, and if the reception would not answer th e telephone calls, and welcome the visitors the company would not make a good impression with potence customers.Human ResourcesWith Heijs Food Production the do not have a big Human resource department. The work that the employees on the human recourse department do with Heijs Food Productions are* Hire pack (application form)* Dismiss people* Keep record of absence* Training EmployeesHiring PeopleMost of the employees which work with Heijs Food Productions are hired from a Vacancy office. Almost everybody can work with Heijs food at the production everybody gets a change If a person is hired tell get a test period and if they pass this period they can otherwise their asked to gravel another job. For other leading jobs there is a whole other plan these people must have HBO Diploma and a good political platform Vita.Welfare of the employeesThe welfare of the employees is very important the human recourse department makes sure that the working conditions are safe and fun to work in . This is very important for the quality of the product because if the employees do not have any fun in their work, the will not do their work with care and the product is from a less quality.There are also a number of rights that all the employees have* To be stipendiary at the hold time* To me treated fairly* To be provided with a whole kit and caboodlepace that is healthy and save* To cause appropriate training* Not to be asked to do anything that is dangerous, unethical or illegalThere are also a number of Responsibilities that all the employees have* Work conscientiously in accordance with the agreed term of their employment* Maintain standards of quality* Cooperate in trying to achieve the objectives of the business* companion established procedures* Comply with health and safety regulationsP3 A Description of how equal opportunities of employees are safeguarded by legislationHow it is staged with Heijs Food Productions?With Heijs Food Productions all the personnel every bit threaten, if you work hard you can also get a promoted to a higher level on the hierarchy. An example of this is a Foreman (which is amenable for managing his area in the company), but if you do not work hard you cannot expect to get a promotion in the company. The company has a very clear policy on equal opportunities who works hard has more changes of promotion.LegislationAll the employees with Heijs Food Productions have equal opportunities in the business. This legislation is arranged by law* The equal pay act 1970 (states that women performing comparable to men should me threaten equally including the same rates of payment)* The sex discrimination acts 1975 and 1986 (rule against discrimination on the basis of sex or married status)* The race relations act 1976 (makes it illegal to discriminate against employees or potential employees on the grounds of race or ethnic grounds)* The disability discrimination act 1995 (Gives additional rights to disabled people and provides for a code of practise aimed at tending discrimination)* The employment rights act 1996 ( confirms the legal rights of employees and covers the contract of employment, payslips and other meteorsWorks council ActBusinesses with more than 50 employees are obliged to found a work council.The work council can give advise on* Investments* Shrinking, fusions takeovers, expansion* Hiring of advisersThe work council can give approval in decisions about* recognise systems Health and safety* Holiday arrangements Work deliberation* Labor arrangementsP4 communication theory in BusinessCommunications in business are very important without proper communication theory you cannot work actively. You wouldnt know what your customers demands are and you are not well informed. This is why good communication within business is very important.With Heijs Food Productions there are a few communication types which they useIntern communications* Intern telephone (most often used by the management)* Intern E-mail (most often used by the management)* Intercom (used for announcements)* viva voce communications (used for communication between employees)Every day there is a short briefing with the managing people, they will discuss what theyll have to do for the day and at what time they will be finished. than theyll give the orders to the employees to make the product the customer has order (for example chicken fillets of 200 gram)External Communications* Telephone ( for customer and suppliers contact)* E-mail (customer contact + suppliers)* Written Letters E-mail (customer contact + suppliers)* Fax E-mail (customer contact + suppliers)The communications with customers are very important the sales manager calls with the customer at least twice a week. They do this to make sure that the customers is satisfied about the product and for selling more chicken fillets.P5 A Comparison of the organisational grammatical construction of your chosen business with a contrasting organizeOrganisat ional Structure of Heijs Food Products BVOrganisational bodily structure of NSAI have chosen for 2 different kinds of organisational structures* Line staff organisation (organisational chart)* flat organisational structure (hierarchical structure)Advantages and disadvantages of the hierarchical structureAdvantage* The advantage of a hierarchical structure is that the control of the organisation is kept in the hands of the person at top of the organisation.* Easy to maintain a particular identity or standard of service and quality in a large organisation.* Clear defined chain of commend, which instructions are aerodynamic downward through all employees, and information about performance flowing upwards* Everyone in the organisations knows their role within the organisation.Disadvantage* No limit to the number of management between the top decision maker and the shop floor or other support staff* stopping point making can be slow or delayed as it takes a long time for information to flow upwards, for decisions to be taken at the top and communicated downwards again and implemented by support staff* At each level information and instructions may be interpret differently so that information passed on, or action taken, may be biased by the attitudes of individual managers.Advantages and disadvantages of a flat structureAdvantage* The flow of information between upper and lower levels is profuse this enables quick decision making and a faster response to problems.* With fewer levels of management many managers and operatives ascertain they have more responsibility for their own work this increases job motivation and satisfaction.ConclusionI could find any disadvantages about a flat structure so my conclusion is that a flat structure is the best one because there are no disadvantages about it (recording to the book)

End of Poverty Guide Essay Example for Free

End of Poverty Guide EssaySachs throws go forth the normal authoritys of opinion approximately the motions of need in countries, for instance that sight be lazy or stupid, or the countries argon non democratic, and that corruption is wide-spread. Fifty percent of the earthly concerns population exists on slight than maven sawbuck per day. He be populateves that much of the problem is structural, which toi allowte further when be cumulust with finished the support of the teeming countries.Sachs believes, frontmost of totally, that all current debt owed by the unequal countries should be footcel direct. Secondly, if the full countries would addition their development aid from .2% to .7% on that maneuver would be enough money ope dimensionnal to increase the sparing produce so that all countries would no eight-day be utmost(a)ly sorry.If MAI is to be stick to known as an agency which checkes a virgin expressive style of plenteousnessing with want, consequently we need to become aw argon of this book and Sachs understanding and approach to meagerness. Chapter Twelve rattling speaks to CHE.I lay down tried to review what has appeargond to me to be the most salient promontorys, chapter by chapter. All chapters argon non treated equally. I primarily dothis exercise for myself to attend me understand the key points from the book. If they are of any help to others, then that is a plus.I view as gone into more(prenominal) detail in the other synopsis I have done be causa of the possible guidance this book enkindle collapse us for a new paradigm for dealing with pauperization singlely, locally, nationally and globally (which in naive receivedism we are already on the road in doing). Some things are both structural and presidencyal issues and I am non suggesting that we throw involved in these, further deviate essential bug out at the village direct and then we hind end scale up our strengths from at tha t place.Chapter championA Global Family PortraitSachs eagernesss the power point for his thesis and book using examples of Malawi, Bangladesh, India, and China to interpret dissimilar takes of poverty. He talkings a still the emanation ladder of scotch development for countries. Lowest are those who are too ill, hungry, or destitute to get as yet a foot on the tramp rung of the development ladder. They make up the bottom 1/6 of the adult males population, or one billion people. They are the piteousest of the poor and fit on less than $1 a day. A few rungs up the ladder at the hurrying end of the low-income countries are another 1.5 billion people. They live just to a higher place the subsistence level. These two groups make up 40% of the worlds population. CHE targets both of these groups, and e supererogatoryly with the first group. Another 2.5 billion involve the IT workers of India. just approximately of them live in the cities and are mode wanderly poor. On e billion or one- sixersometh of the world come from the rich developed countries.Sachs says the sterling(prenominal) tragedy of our eon is that one-sixth of the worlds population is not raze on the first rung of the ladder. A large number of the perfectly poor in level one are caught in the poverty trap and sensnot escape it. They are trapped by disease, physical isolation, climate stress, environmental degradation, and extreme poverty itself.He breaks poverty into three levels Extreme poverty means households cannot impinge on rudimentary needs for survival. This only occurs in developing countries. realness Bank says their income isless than $1 a day. Moderate poverty is where needs are generally just barely met. ground Bank says this represents countries where their income falls among $1 and $2 per day. Relative poverty generally describes household income level at being below a given percentage of the average national income. You find this in developed countries. He then presents the quarrel of our Generation which includes suspensoring the poorest of the poor escape the misery of extreme poverty and help them begin their climb up the ladder of stinting development. Ensuring all who are the worlds poor, including moderately poor, have a incur to climb higher in economic development.He believes that the hobby can be done Meet the millenary Development Goals by 2015. End extreme poverty by 2025. To reckon well before 2025, that all of the worlds poor countries can make reliable progress up the ladder of economic development. To accomplish this with modest financial help from the riches countries, which ordain be more than is now provided per capita.Chapter TwoThe Spread of sparing ProsperitySachs uses several represents in this chapter. I will not go into detail on these, but I will point out some salient points All regions of the world were poor in 1820. All regions experienced economic progress, though some much more than others. Todays richest regions experienced by far the greatest economic progress. As an example, Africa has only grown at .7% a year eon the regular army at 1.7%. This may not seem much, but when compounded year-by-year, it returns in the great differences between the two. The key situation today is not the transfer of income from one region to another, but rather that the overall increase in the worlds income is happening at different rates in different regions.Until the 1700s, the world was unmistakably poor by todays standards. A major change was the industrial revolution flood tide to certain regions and not toothers. The steam engine was a decisive turning point because it mobilized the abundant chime in of primary energy which unlocked the set production of goods and services. Modern energy fue guide every medical prognosis of the economic seat onoff.As coal enkindleed diligence, indus adjudicate fueled political power. Britains industrial breakthrough created a huge military and financial advantage. But Britain too had existing individual initiative and loving mobility than most other countries of the world. They also had a strengthening of institution and liberty. Britain also had a major geographic advantageone of isolation and protection of the sea, in addition to access to the oceans for worldwide transportation for their goods and importation of other countries goods.Sachs then goes on to outline what has fostered major economic step-up Modern economic emersion is accompanied by people moving to the cities, or urbanization. This means fewer and fewer people produce the food that is demand for the estate. intrustfully, food price per farmer decreases as larger plots are farmed more productively. This also means flimsyly populated enter makes good sense when numerous farms are need to grow the crops, but sparse land makes little sense when more and more people are engaged in manuf good turnuring in the cities. Modern economic festering fostered a revolution in social mobility which affected social rank of people. A fixed social order directs on status quo and agrarian population. There is a change in gender roles with economic development. This affects alimentation conditions as well as family structure. The desired number of children decreases. The socio-economic class of labor increases. By specializing in one activity instead of many, productiveness increases.The diffusion of economic growth occurred in three main forms From Britain to its colonies in North America, Australia and New Zealand. (It was and so relatively straight-forth to transfer British technologies, food crops and even legal institutions.) A certify diffusion took place within atomic number 63 that ran from westward Europe to eastern Europe, and from Northern Europe to Southern Europe. The third wave of diffusion was from Europe to Latin America, Africa, and Asia.Sachs believes that the single most important reason for pro sperity spread is the transmission of technology and the ideas underlying it. The technological advances came at different ms. The first wave revolved around the invention of the steam engine which led to factory-producing goods. The aid wave in the 19th nose candy was led by the introduction of the rail and telegraph. It also included the introduction of steam ships instead of sailing ones, and the construction of the Suez Canal. The third wave was initiated by electrification of intentness and urban connection. Along with this came the development of the internal combustion engine. The fourth wave came in the 20th century with the globalization of the world due to new methods of communication starting in Europe. There came a time of a great rupture which took place with the start of World warfare I, and sidetracked economic development for awhile. This led to the Great Depression which led to World War II. A fifth wave took place undecomposed later World War II, and in 1991. It began with the massive efforts of reconstruction of Europe and Japan right after World War II. Trade barriers began to come down.There were three worlds the first was the developed double-u, the second was comp skipd of socialistic countries, and the third was made up of undeveloped countries (which were made up of the old colony countries). The world therefore progressed on three tracks. The problem was that the second and third worlds did not share in economic growth and actually went backward. By closing their economies, they closed themselves off from economic development.So what did this mean to the poorest of the poor countries? They did not begin their economic growth until decades later. They faced geographical barriers of being land-locked They faced the brutal exploitation of the compound powers. They made disastrously giving choices in their national policies.Chapter ThreeWhy Some Countries FailIn this chapter, Sachs looks at the cause of poverty and pos sible solutions.He first deals with, how a familys per-capita income might increase The first way is through savings either in cash or similar assets like animals, etc. The second way is shifting to crops that recreate a higher yield per hectare, and then adding value to the crop (which is what we t apiece in our PAD training). The third way is adopting new technology, which corrects their productivity. The fourth way is resource boom, which means to extend to a much larger and more fertile farm.The flip side of increasing their economic growth is by decreasing their per capita income which is more than just the opposite of the above factors Lack of savings is of course one way to reduce per capita income. Lack of pile, meaning that a household hears of the new crop but cannot take advantage of it and stays with what they have. Technological reversal is when something like human immunodeficiency virus hits an area and children lose their parents etc. inbred resource dec line is where the land becomes less and less fertile producing less and less crops. Adverse productiveness Shock is where a natural disaster hits like a drought, tsunami, earthquake, typhoon, etc. Population growth lessens per capita income where the laminitis has two hectares of land and it is divided among his cinque sons at his death.Now Sachs begins to get into the true heart of poverty on a ground level The poverty trap itself is where poverty is so extreme that the poor do not have the ability by themselves to get out of the mess. Physical geography plays a major role where countries are land-locked with poor or no roads, a lack of navigable rivers, or situated in mountain ranges or deserts with an extremely high transportation cost. The low productivity of the land is another factor in the geography. The fiscal trap is where the government lacks the resources to have for the necessary root on which economic growth depends. Government distributeure happens when the government is not concentrating on high precession infrastructure and social service projects. Cultural or religious barriers especially as it relates to gender inequality play a significant role in dampening economic growth. Geopolitics much(prenominal) as trade barriers can impede economic growth. Lack of innovation and technology plays a role if people cannot trynew things because they cannot risk failure, or because they do not have funds to do so. Sachs believes that over the suspender of two centuries, the lack of using new technology is why the richest and poorest countries have diverged. He turn outs a scatter-gram graph memorializeing there is a demographic trap as well. The higher the fertility rate, the impose rate of economic growth there is in a country. When they have too many children, they cannot invest in fosterage, nutrition, or health, except maybe for the oldest male. One of the best ways to lower the number of children per family is through the edu cation of the girls.Sachs then goes into detail in putting countries into different classes. He points out that none of the rich countries in North American, Western Europe or East Asia have failed to grow economically. All the problems lie in the developing world where 45 of these countries had a fall in GDP. Not all of these countries are in sub-Saharan Africa. He also points out that the oil-exporting and ex-Soviet countries, all high income countries, did not increase their economic growth evenly, primarily because of their authoritarian political structure.He also points out that the most important factor is agri kitchen-gardening. Those countries that apply high yield cereals per hectare and that used high levels of fertilizers are the poor countries that t terminate to experience economic growth. In Africa, the land is much less densely populated but they use neither high yield cereals nor fertilizers and they had falling food production per capita. But they also have far l ess roads for transporting extra crops to commercialises and they depend on rainfall which is generally more erratic than high-producing agricultural countries.He also goes on to point out the by-line Economic growth is rarely uniformly distributed across a country. Governments also fail in their role in allowing growth that might enrich the rich households, while the poorest living in the same area seldom seem to benefit. Another detriment to growth can be culture especially as it relates to women inequality.Chapter Fourclinical Economics (CE)Sachs compares clinical economics to clinical medicine. He lays out five parameters for Clinical Economics CE is made up of complex constitutions. The failure in one system can lead to cascades of failures in other relegates of the economy. You therefore need to deal with very colossal and multiple issues. CE practitioners need to l suck in the art of clinical diagnosis. The CE practitioner must hone-in on the key underlying causes of economic distress and prescribe appropriate remedies that are tailor-made to each countrys condition. Treatment needs to be viewed in family terms, not individual terms. The entire world is part of each countrys family. If countries work together they can have far more regard than working in isolation. honest CE practice requires monitoring and evaluation. More than just asking if the goals are being achieved, but also asking why? and why not? The development federation lacks the requirement ethical and professional standards. Economic development does not take its work with the sense of responsibility that the chore requires. It demands that honest advice be given.He points out where economic development practice has gone wrong The rich countries say, Poverty is your own fault. Be like us, have a free market, be entrepreneurial, fiscally liable and your problems will be gone. The IMF period of structural adjustment which supposedly dealt with the four maladies of poor organization, prodigal government noise in the markets, excessive government spending, and too much state ownership were not solved by the IMF prescription of belt tightening, privatization, liberalization, and good governance. The responsibility for poverty reduction was assumed to lie entirely with poor countries themselves.He then lays out his differential diagnosis for poverty reduction. He believes the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) goes a long way in reducing poverty. Once the diagnosis is completed, a proper treatment regime must be carried out. In doing differential diagnosis, questions must be asked in each one of the pursuance areas Identify and map the extent of extreme poverty from the household level all the way up through the connection to the country to the state in all areas of sprightliness. Thesecond set of questions deals with the economic policy framework. The third set deals with the fiscal framework. Fourth deals with physical geography and servicem an environmental science. Fifth, the questions deal with the patterns of governance. History has shown that commonwealth is not a prerequisite for economic development. Sixth are questions which deal with cultural barriers that hinder economic development. The last are questions that are related to geopolitics which involves a countrys security and relationship with the rest of the world.The side by side(p) six chapters, five through ten, deal with specific countries that have gone through this process, and their results. His results are quite impressive. I will not deal much with each country, but an individual chapter might be of interest to the RC involved if he is interested in such things.Chapter FiveBolivias High Rate of Inflation riddleA hyperinflation rate of 3000% (30 times) between July 1984 and July 1985 with a longer term hyperinflation rate of 24,000%.Lessons Learned Stabilization is a complex process. Ending a large calculate deficit may be the first step but co ntrolling the underlying forces that cause the figure deficit is much more complex. Macroeconomics tools are limited in their power. Successful change requires a compounding of technocratic knowledge, bold political leadership, and broad social participation. Success requires not only bold reforms at home, but also financial help from abroad. Poor countries must demand their due.Chapter SixPolands Return to EuropeProblemBy the end of 1989, Poland had partially suspended its international debt ante upments. The economy was suffering from high rate of advance inflation and there was a deepening political crisis.Sachs approach in Poland, as in other countries, was strengthened on five pillars Stabilizationending the high rate of inflation, establishing stability and convertible currency. Liberalizationallowing markets to function by legalizing one-on-one economic activity (ending price controls and establishing necessary laws). Privatization identifying private owners for assets currently held by the state. Social netpensions and other benefits for the older and poor were open. institutional Harmonizationadopting, step-by-step, the economic laws, procedures, and institutions.Lessons Learned He learned how a countrys mint is crucially determined by its specific linkages to the rest of the world. Again the importance of the base guidance impression for broad-based economic transformation, not to stand alone with separate solutions. Saw again the practical possibilities of large-scale thinking He learned not to take no for an answer, press on with your guidance. By the time a country has fallen into deep crisis, it requires some external help to get back on track. This help may be in the form of getting the primarys right which includes debt cancellation and help to bolster assumption in the reforms.Chapter SevenRussias Struggle for NormalcyProblemThe Soviet Union relied almost entirely on its oil and gas exports to earn irrelevant exchan ge, and on its use of oil and gas to run its industrial economy. In the mid- 1980s, the price of oil and gas plummeted and the Soviet Unions oil production began to fall.Sachs suggested three actions of the West (but generally they were ignored by the West) A stabilization fund for the ruble. Immediate suspension of debt repayment followed by cancellation oftheir debts. A new aid program for transformation focusing on the most under attack(predicate) areas of the Russian economy.Lesson Learned Despite much turmoil and rejection much went right so that eventually Russia became a lopsided market economy, tranquil focused on oil and gas. Russia has a gigantic land mass which causes it to have few linkages with other nations of the world. Their population densities are low and agrarian and food production per hectare corpse low. Over history, 90% of the population has been rural, with cities few and far between. This hinders economic growth. Without adequate aid, the political c onsensus around the reforms was deep undermined, thereby compromising the reform process.Chapter EightChina Catching Up after a Half Millennium universe Isolated ProblemChina lost its economic and cultural lead that it had in its early history. Sachs points out five dates which caused this 1434 China had been the technological superpower. This year Emperor Ming closed China to the rest of the world and halt their advanced ship fleets from going out to the world. 1839 China finally ended its economic isolation. 1898 Several progeny reformers tried to gain power and were stopped. 1911 Ching Dynasty collapsed and by 1916 China was falling into civil unrest. Their military took control of the empire. 1949 the rise of the Maoist Movement.He then compares China to Russia The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe had massive foreign debt while China did not. China has a large coastline that back up its export growth, while Russia and Eastern Europe do not. China had the benefit of lar ge off-shore Chinese business communities which acted as foreign investors, while Russia and Eastern Europe did not. The Soviet was experiencing a drastic decline on their main export product, oil and gas. The Soviet Union had gone further down the industrialization road thanChina.Chapter NineIndia Market Reform Which Was the Triumph of Hope Over Fear ProblemIndia was controlled by a business, British East India Company, which was driven by greed, and it did everything to maximize profit for the company at the expense of the country. Though Indias population throughout history has been Hindu, vast poesy of Muslims and Christians lived in and sometimes dominated the land. India had poor political and social structures because the land was broken into many weeny kingdoms governed by many different leaders. In addition, India has the caste-system of stratification of peoples.With independence from the British in 1947, Nehru looked for a path to self- sufficiency and democratic soci alism. The Green Revolution had a major impact on the country as high yield crops were introduced. By 1994, India now faced four major challenges Reforms requisite to be extended especially in liberalization and the development of new and better systems. India needed to invest to a great extent in infrastructure India needed to invest more in health and education of its people, especially the lower castes. India needed to figure out how to pay for the needed infrastructure.Lessons Learned The 21st century is likely to be the era when this poor countrys economic development is substantially reversed. The country has announced electricity for all as well as essential health services and drinking water system for everyone. These are achievable goals and the basis for much-needed investment. The Hindus did not stifle growth. The Green Revolution and then market reforms overrode the rigidness of the caste-system and the dumb growth of the 1950s and 1960s. India has become incre asingly urbanized, thereby further trippingening the caste-system. Democracy is wearing onward age-old social hierarchies. India has grabbed the potential of the internet and IT and is leading the way fordeveloping nations in this regard. Indias change geography and its miles and miles of shoreline fosters its market position for the manufacture of products.Chapter TenAfrica and the DyingProblemThree centuries of slave trade were followed by a century of colonial rule which left Africa bereft of educated citizens and leaders, basic infrastructure, and reality health facilities. The borders followed arbitrary lines, not historic tribal lines which now divided former empires, ethnic groups, ecosystems, watersheds, and resource deposits.The West was not willing to invest in African economic development. Corruption was not the central cause for their economic failure as he showed. In the 1980s, HIV became the worse killer of mankind. In 2001, look expectancy stood at 47 years, wh ile East Asia stood at 69 years, and developed countries at 78 years.Sachs spends time looking at the major diseases of malaria, TB, diarrhea, and HIV. He says poverty causes disease and disease causes poverty.Lessons Learned Good governance and market reform alone are not sufficient to generate growth if a country is in a poverty trap. Geography has conspired with economics to give Africa a particularly weak hand. Africa lacks navigable rivers with access to the ocean for easy transport and trade. Africa lacks irrigation and depends on rainfall for their crops. Farmers lack access roads, markets, and fertilizers, while soils have been long depleted of their nutrients.Chapter ElevenThe Millennium, 9/11, and the United Nations. The beginning part of this chapter deals with the Millennium Development Goals. Sachs says that the goals and cargo to reach them by 2015 convey the hope that extreme poverty, disease, and environmental degradation could be alleviated with the wealth, the new technologies, and global awareness with which weentered the 21st century. He says the first seven goals call for sharp cuts in poverty, disease, and environmental degradation, while the eighth goal is essentially a commitment to global partnership. Because you have all seen them, I am not including them here.Regarding 9/11, he says we need to keep it in perspective. On 9/11, 3000 people died for once and for all, but 10,000 people die each day from diseases that are preventable.He believes we need to plough the deeper roots of terrorism of which extreme poverty is an important element. The rich world needs to turn its efforts to a much greater extent from military strategies to economic development. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt spoke of freedoms we were fighting for in WWII and for which we still should be attempting to accomplish Freedom of speech and expression everywhere in the world. Freedom for every someone to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world. Freedom from want which translates into economic development. Freedom from fear which translates into a worldwide reduction in armament, a reduction to such a point that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor.One major thing he is suggesting is that the rich countries elevate their freehand to .7% of their GNP from the average of .2% it is today. The rest of the chapter is nearly President Bush and the USA policies and actions.Chapter TwelveOn-The-Ground Solutions for Ending PovertyThis chapter is rattling talking about CHE, but Sachs does not realize it. He says that the worlds challenge is not to overcome laziness and corruption but rather to take on geographic isolation, disease, vulnerability to climate shocks, etc. with new systems of political responsibility that can get the job done.He talks about a village of less than 1,000 in western Kenya, in a Sauri sub-location (in Siaya district in Nyanza province) that he visi ted, which opened his eyes. He found what we find place after place that they areimpoverished, but they are capable and resourceful. Though struggling to survive, presently they are not dispirited but determined to improve their situation. He then goes on to describe the needs of a rural African community, the same casing of community that we deal with every day, as shown in the abundance of applications we receive for CHE. A major problem, he feels, is that the farmers do not have the money to buy fertilizer that would impact their crop productivity drastically. as well as they have no school or clinic.He then begins to calculate what it would cost per soulfulness to bring a school and teachers, simple clinic and staff, medicines, agriculture inputs such as seed and fertilizer, safe drinking water and simple sanitation, and power transport and communication services. The total cost for Sauri is about $350,000 a year, which converts to $70 a person per year, which could revoluti onize the community. If he did CHE, the total cost and per person cost would be greatly reduced. He then goes ahead and extrapolates this up for the country of Kenya to $1.5 billion.At the same time he points out that Kenyas debt service is $600 million a year and that it needs to be cancelled. But one problem that donors talk about is corruption needing to be eliminated. If countries do not eliminate corruption, they would not be eligible for relief. Also, a budget and management system need to be designed that will reach the villages and be monitorable, governable, and scalablea set of interventions to ensure good governance on such a historic project. The key to this is to empower village-based community organizations to oversee village services.Most of what he says in this chapter sounds like CHE to me, but we can do it at even a lower cost and we have the experience to implement it. That is why I verbalize earlier that we need to talk to Sachs about CHE.He then goes on with t his theme but changes the locale from rural to urban in Mumbai, India in a slum community built smack up against the railroad tracks, one-house deep. He points out the outstanding needs are not latrines, running water, nor safety from trains, but empowerment so they cannegotiate with the government. He then mentions that several groups have been found and empower to do this in this community. Again sounds like CHE for urban poor.Sachs says what this community needs is investments in the individual and basic infra-structure that can empower people to be healthier, better educated, and more productive in the work force. CHE deals with the individual side of the equation.He ends this chapter by discussing the problem of scale. He says everything must start with the basic village. The key is connecting these basic units together into a global network that reaches from impoverished communities to the very centers of power and back again. This, too, is what we are talking about when we describe scale-up and creating a movement and then forming it into councils and collaborative groups.He believes the rich world would quickly provide the missing finances but they will wonder how to ensure that the money made available would really reach the poor and that there would be results. He says we need a strategy for scaling up the investments that will end poverty, including governance that empowers the poor while holding them accountable. I believe CHE fits his prescription.Chapter ThirteenMaking the Investments call for to End Poverty Sachs says the extreme poor lack six kinds of capital Human great health, nutrition, and skills needed for each person to be productive. Business Capital the machinery, facilities, and motorized transport used in agriculture, industry and services. Infrastructure Capital water and sanitation, airports and sea ports, and telecommunications systems that are critical inputs for business productivity. Natural Capital tillable land, healt hy soils, biodiversity, and well- functioning ecosystems that provide the environmental services need by human society. earthly concern Institutional Capital commercial law, judicial systems, government services, and policing, that underpin the peaceful and prosperous division of labor. Knowledge Capital the scientific and technological know-how that raises productivity in business output and the promotion of physical and natural capital.He spends several pages on charts showing income flow. He also uses the example of child survival and how it applies to the six kinds of capital. He makes the point that even in the poorest societies, primary education alone is no longer sufficient. He says all youth should have a minimum of 9 years of education. He says technical capacity must be in the whole of society from the bottom up. He talks about trained community health workers and the role they can play. Villages around the world should be helped in adult education involving life and de ath issues such as HIV.The main challenges now is NOT to show what works in small villages or districts but rather to scale up what works to encompass a whole country, even the world. Again sounds like CHE and where we are going.He goes through several examples where major diseases are being dealt with such as malaria, river blindness, and polio, as well as spread of family planning. He also briefly talks about the cell phone revolution by the poor in Bangladesh and how East Asia has established Export touch Zones, all of which are improving the life of the poorest of poor nations.Chapter FourteenA Global Compact to End PovertyHe says the poorest countries themselves must take seriously the problem of ending poverty and need to devote a greater share of their national resources to accomplish this. Many poor countries crap to reform while rich countries pretend to help them. The chronic lack of donor financing robs the poor countries of their poverty-fighting zeal. We are stuck in a show play that is not real.There are two sides in a compact. In this compact, there should be the commitment in the rich countries to help all poor countries where the collective will to be answerable partners in the endeavor is present. For the other poor countries where authoritarian or corrupt regimes hold sway,the consequences for the population are likely to be tragic but the rich countries have their limits also.He spends time looking at several countries that have Poverty Reduction Strategies where some are working and some not. Ghana is a star in his book.He says a true MDG-based poverty reduction strategy would have five split A Differential Diagnosis which includes identifying policies and investments that the country needs to achieve the MDGs. An Investment Plan which shows the size, quantify and cost of the compulsory investments. A Financial Plan to fund the Investment Plan, including the calculation of the MDG financing gap, the package of the financial needs that donors will have to fill. A Donor Plan which gives multi-year commitments from donors for meeting the MDGs. A Public Management Plan that outlines the mechanisms of governance and everyday administration that will help implement the expanded public investment plan.During the 1980s and 1990s, the IMF forced Structural Readjustment on the poor countries which did not work. The poor were asked to pay all the expenses for new services. They then moved to a compromise called Social Marketing where the poor were asked to pay a portion of the expense. But neither plan worked because the poor did not have enough even to eat, much less pay for electricity.He says a sound management plan should include the following Decentralize. Investments are needed in all the villages and the details for what is needed needs to be established at the village level through local committees, not the national capitol or Washington DC. Training. The public sector lacks the talent to oversee the scal ing up process. Training programs for capacity building should be part of the strategy. randomness Technology. The use of information technologycomputers, e-mail and mobile phones needs to increase drastically because of the dramatic increase of knowledge that needs to be transmitted. Measurable Benchmarks. Every MDG based poverty reduction strategy should be supported by quantitative benchmarks tailored to national conditions, needs, and dataavailability. Audits. No country should receive greater reinforcement unless the money can be audited. Monitoring and Evaluation. Each country must prepare to have investments monitored and evaluated.He then goes through the following Global Policies for Poverty Reduction The Debt Crisis. The poorest countries are unable to repay their debt, let alone carry the interest. Therefore, for each country that agrees to the guidelines noted previously, their debt must be cancelled if there is to be true poverty reduction. Global trade Policy. Poor countries need to increase their exports to the rich countries and thereby earn foreign exchange in order to import capital goods from the rich countries. Yet trade is not enough. The policy must include both aid and trade. The end of agriculture subsidies is not enough for this to happen. learning for Development. The poor are likely to be ignored by the international scientific community unless special effort is made to include things that help the poor. It is more critical to identify the priority needs for scientific research in relation to the poor than to mobilize the donor community to spur that research forward. That would include research in tropical agriculture, energy systems, climate forecasting, water management, and sustainable management of ecosystems. Environmental stewardship. The poorest of poor nations are generally innocent victims of major long-term ecosystem degradation. The rich countries must live up to the ecology agreements they have signed. The ric h countries will have to give added financial assistance to the poor countries to enable them to deal with the ecosystem problems. The rich countries will have to invest more in climate research.Chapter FifteenCan The Rich Afford to Help the Poor?He asks the question Can the rich countries help the poor?, and his answer is Can they bear with not to do so? He gives five reasons that show that the current effort is so modest. The numbers of extremely poor have declined close to 50% two generations ago to 33% a generation ago to 20% today. The goal is to end extreme poverty, not all poverty, and to close the gap between the rich and the poor. Success in ending the poverty trap will be much easier than it appears. in addition little has been doneto identify specific, proven, low-cost interventions that can make a difference in living standards and economic growth (CHE does this). The rich world is vastly rich. What seemed out of reach a generation or two ago is now such a small fr action of the vastly expanded income of the rich world. Our tools are more powerful than ever, including computers, internet, mobile phones, etc.He then spends time in doing calculations to show how this can be accomplished. First he starts with the World Bank. They estimate that meeting basic needs requires $1.08 per person per day. Currently, the average income of the extremely poor is 77 cents per day, creating a shortfall of 31 cents per day or $113 per person per year. He then shows that this represents only .6% of a nations GNP. The MDG target which many countries have agree to is .7% of their GNP. Later on, he shows that the USA is only spending .15% for aid to the world.Sachs then spends time on a six-step process to do a needs assessment to come up with the real number needed Identify the package of basic needs. Identify for each country the current unmet needs of the population. Calculate the costs of meeting the unmet needs through investments, taking into account futu re population growth. Calculate the part of the investments that cant be financed by the country itself. Calculate the MDG financing gap that must be cover by donors. Assess the size of the donor contribution relative to donor income.He proposes that interventions are required to meet the following basic needs Primary education for all children with a designated target ratio of pupils to teachers. Nutrition program for all vulnerable populations. Universal access to anti-malarial bed nets for all households in regions of malaria transmission. memory access to safe drinking water and sanitation. One-half kilometer of paved roads for every thousand population. gate to modern cooking fuels and improved cooking stoves to decreaseindoor air pollution.He states extreme poverty (a lack of access to basic needs) is very different from relative poverty (occupying a place at the bottom of the ladder of income distribution) within rich countries, and goes through a more detailed appro ach of implementing the six steps.He points out that not all donor assistance is for development. Much is used for emergency relief, tutelage for resettlement of refugees, geopolitical support of particular governments, and help for middle-income countries that have largely ended extreme poverty in their country. Also, only a small portion of development aid actually helps to finance the intervention package. Much of it goes for technical assistance which is not part of the MDG numbers.He spends time on the question, Can the USA afford the .7% of their GNP? He responds with a deafening Yes He does this in multiple ways, one of which is to show that the increase is only .55%, which would be hardly noticed in the USs average 1.9% increase year-by-year of its GNP.Chapter SixteenMyths and Magic BulletsThis is an elicit chapter because Sachs shoots down commonly held beliefs concerning the causes and solutions for poverty. He uses Africa as his case to do so. wayward to popular conce ption, Africa has not received great amounts of aid. They receive $30 per person per year but only $12 of that actually went to be used in development in Africa. $5 went to consultants of donor countries, $3 went to food and emergency relief, $4 for servicing Africas debt and $5 for debt relief. In reality, in 2002, only six cents per person went to development. Corruption is the problem which leads to poor governance. By any standard of measure Africas governance is low, but not due to corruption. African countries governance is no different than other poor countries in the rest of the world. Governance improves as the people become more literate and more affluent. Secondly, a more affluent country can afford to invest more in governance. There is a democracy deficit. This is also not true. In 2003, 11 countries in Africa were considered free, with 20 more partially free, and 16 not free. This is the same as is found in other regions of the world. Democracy does not translate int o faster economic growth. Lack of modern values. Again, this is also false. Virtually every society that was once poor has been castigated for being hapless until its citizens became rich and then their new wealth was explained by their industriousness.He traces this trend in multiple countries. One major factor that does cause change is the change in womens position in society as their economic situation improves, which accelerates the growth. The need for economic freedom is not fully true. Generally market societies out perform centrally planned economies. This leads to the eyeshot that all is needed is that the people must have the will to liberalize and privatize which is too simplistic. He shows that there is no correlation between the Economic Freedom Index and annual growth rate of GDP. The single idea of Mystery of Capital put forth by Hernando de Soto which relates to the security of private property including the ability to borrow against it is also incorrect. Most p oor hold their assets such as housing and land. There is a shortfall of morals which is thought to be the main cause of HIV in Africa. A study shows that Africa men are no different in the average number of sexual partners they have than any other part of the world. Saving children only to become hungry adults leads to population explosion. Actually it has been shown that the best way to reduce the fertility rate is to increase the economic status. In all parts of the world (except the Middle East) where the fertility rate is over 5 children, those countries are the poorest ones. As children survive, the parents feel less of a need to have more children which is a result of improved economic conditions. A rise tide lifts all boats. This means extreme poverty will take care of itself because economic development will pull all countries along to improvement. A rising improvement does not reach the hinder lands or mountain tops. Nature red in tooth and pair of tweezers means that economic improvement is based on survival of the fittest and those who cannot compete fall behind. This is a Darwin thought which seems to still prevail throughout the world. Competition and struggle are but one side of the coin which has the other side of trust, cooperation, and collective action.He rejects the doomsayers who truism that ending poverty is impossible. He believes he has identify specific interventions that are needed as well as found ways to plan and implement them at an affordable rate.Chapter SeventeenWhy We Should Do ItThere are several fallacies which affect the USAs self-aggrandising The American public greatly overestimates the amount of federal funds spent on foreign aid. The US public believes that the government is providing massive amounts of aid. A 2001 survey by the University of Maryland showed that people felt that US aid accounted for 20% of the federal budget versus the actual of .15%. That is 24 times smaller than the actual figure. The Americ an public believes that the US military can achieve security for Americans in the absence of a immutable world. This has been proven untrue especially with 9/11. There is a fallacy in belief that there is a war of cultures. For many, this relates to Biblical prophesy of Armageddon and end times.The problem in the US is not opposite word to increased foreign aid but a lack of political leadership to inform the public how little the US does supply, and then asking the US public to supply more.Hard evidence has established a strong linkage between extreme poverty abroad and threats to national security. As a general proposition, economic failure (an economy stuck in a poverty trap, banking crisis, debt default or hyper-inflation) frequently leads to a state failure. A CIA Task force looked at state failures between 1954 and 1994 and found that the following three factors were most significant in state failure Very high infant fatality rate rate suggested that overall low levels o f material well-being are a significant factor in state failure. Openness of the economy showed the more economic linkages a country had with the rest of the world, the lower chance of state failure. Democratic countries showed fewer propensities to state failure than authoritarian regimes.He then reviews what the US government has committed to since 9/11 Provide resources to aid countries that have met national reform. Improve effectiveness of the World Bank and other development banks inraising living standards. Insist on measurable results to ensure that development assistance is actually making a difference in the lives of the worlds poor. join on the amount of development assistance that is provided in the form of grants, not loans. Since trade and investment are the real engines of economic growth, open societies to commerce and investment. Secure public health. Emphasize education. Continue to aid agricultural development.In reality, little progress has been done by the US to the accomplishment of these goals. But he does spend time discussing where plans were established and that funds were flowing where massive amounts of aid were provided by the USA End of World War II with the Marshall Plan which revitalized Europe and Japan. Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt Campaign started slow but ended up with large amount of national debt being cancelled in the poorest of countries. The Emergency Plan for HIV is providing $15 billion to fight this epidemic.The bottom line of this chapter is, OK, USA and other rich countries, you are saying good things, now step-up to the plate and do what you have agreed to do.Chapter EighteenOur Generations ChallengeOur generation is heir to two and a half centuries of economic progress. We can realistically envision a world without extreme poverty by the year 2025 because of technological progress which enables us to meet basic needs on a global scale. We can also achieve a margin above basic needs unprecedented in his tory. Until the Industrial Revolution, humanity had known only unending struggles against famine, pandemic disease, and extreme povertyall compounded by cycles of war, and political despotism.At the same time, Enlightenment thinkers began to envision the possibility of bear on social progress in which science and technology could be harnessed to achieve sustained improvements in the organization of social, political,and economic life. He proposes four thinkers which led this movement Thomas Jefferson and other founders of the American commonwealth led the thought that political institutions could be fashioned consciously to meet the needs of society through a human-made political system. Adam Smith believed that the economic system could similarly be shaped to meet human need and his economic design runs parallel to Jeffersons political designs. Immanuel Kant called for an appropriate global system of governance to end the age-old scourge of war. Science and technology, fueled by human reason can be a sustained force for social improvement and human betterment led by Francis Bacon and Marie-Jean-Antoine Condorcet. Condorcet put much emphasis on public education to accomplish the goals.One of the most stay on commitments of the Enlightenment was the idea that social progress should be universal and not restricted to a respite of Western Europe. He said now it is our generations turn to help foster the following Political systems that promote human well-being Economic systems that spread the benefits of science, technology, and division of labor to all parts of the world. International cooperation in order to secure a perpetual peace. Science and technology, grounded in human rationality, to fuel the continued prospects for improving the human condition.He then spends three or four pages discussing the good and bad points of the Anti-globalization Movement which is taking place. He also spends time discussing three movements which made these kind of c hanges in the world in their time The end of Slavery The end of Colonization The Civil Rights and Anti-Apartheid MovementHe closes with discussing the next steps which are Commit to ending poverty Adopt a plan of action built around the Millennium Development Goals Raise the voice of the poor Redeem the role of the United States in the world Rescue the IMF and World Bank Strengthen the United Nations Harness global science push sustainable development Make a personal commitment to become involvedSummaryThis is an interesting book with new perspectives for me, and which is beginning to be taken seriously by the world. I believe, as verbalize earlier, that MAIs role is on-the-ground solutions for ending poverty through CHE which is spelled out in Chapter 12. But, as also noted, we can do it at a far lower cost than he estimates because of our commitment to empowering people to do things on their own and primarily with their own funds.