Female Mosquito Digestive Enzymes Essay -- Biology Aedes Aegypti

IntroductionMosquitoes are remembered by most as being the bane of the come ondoor barbecue the reason that bug zappers were invented. However, mosquitoes are not really as bad as some people think. To begin with, mosquitoes are equal opportunity pests. They will go after anything with blood, not on the button human flesh. In fact, it is only the female mosquito who bites the male mosquitoes dont drink blood and are relatively innocent. Finally, mosquitoes are extremely well adapted to what they do. When a female mosquito bites an animal, certain chemicals in the animals blood tell her when she has hit a blood vessel. Then, the mosquitos specialized saliva kicks in to keep the wound from clotting. In this manner, a classifiable 2 mg. mosquito can take in two to three times its own weight in blood.Experiment OneWhen a mosquito takes in blood, it inevitably to be able to break the proteins in that blood down into their component amino acids in order to get any nutrition from the m eal. The gut of the mosquito employs a class of enzymes called proteolytic enzymes to accomplish this. Trypsin, the enzyme being studied in this project, is one such enzyme. It is separated into two categories early trypsin, which appears shortly after a blood-meal, and posthumous trypsin, which appears later in digestion, and which does most of the work of digestion. The project found evidence that early trypsin activity (that is, the presence of early trypsin in the gut following a meal) was essential to the production of late trypsin later in the experiment. The early trypsin is present in small amounts about two hours after a meal, and the amounts fade out after about eight hours. At about twelve hours after the meal, the late trypsin begins to form. The early try... ...vel of late trypsin translated in relation to the amount of protein in the meal. enactment at both the transcriptional and translational levels allows the mosquito to adjust the levels of late trypsin with rem arkable flexibility in response to a particular meal. In other words, the mosquito has the ability to valuate the quality of its meals and then appropriately synthesize the late trypsin gene. This tight regulation might be important in reserving the synthesis of late trypsin when it isnt needed.By analyse trypsin (early and late) activity in the midgut of the mosquito it is possible that a mosquito contraceptive might be developed. A block of trypsin equates to no eggs and no offspring. Therefore, if we find a appearance to block trypsin production we can stop mosquitoes from reproducing greatly decreasing or even diminishing these disease carrying insects.

Peer To Peer Piracy :: File Sharing Network MP3

Peer To Peer Piracy E really cardinal loves good tunes, and thats okay. In this media heavy society, everyone has a favorite type of medicinal drug, or a favorite artist. However, expanding ones horizons in music beyond mainstream was terribly expensive, until Napster. Napster, Shawn Fannings brainchild, was a revolution. People began trading music over the internet through ally to peer file sharing, and next thing you know, everyone could have thousands and thousands of songs. Napster had shown a society a method for getting what they wanted, for free. It was only a matter of time until users started trading a lot more than just music movies, software, and games were all in demand. Napster was formulated off of a simple concept of sharing music, but it turned bulge out to be revolutionary by becoming a catalyst to a much larger peer to peer pirating system. Napster helped figurer literate users share music through a system of baroning. When a user logged on, the users computer would send data with which mp3s, or songs, were in their predestinated shared folder to the index computer. The index computer would then tell that user where other files were stored over the network, on other users computers. With this system, a user could download an finished album of Jimi Hendrix from another user either two states away, or two doors down. Since Napster only dealt in mp3 files, it was targeted by the music companies, who sued until it Shawn had to take down the Central index number Server. It was replaced though, by networks like Gnutella which use a referral system. When one computer comes onto the Gnutella network, it finds another computer on the network, and introduces itself. Then, like a spreading rumor, the word gets around the network. The computer that just learned tells 8 others about the new one, then those 8 tell 7 more about the new one, and so on. This way, each guest has a larger number of other clients who kno w it is online and what content it has available (Wikipedia). However, without a main server to regulate, users could distribute whatever they wanted. Software piracy was very prominent. Any user could punch in the search terms AutoCAD and download a thousand dollar program for free.

Political Economy Essay -- UK Economy, Politics

The UK rescue has undergone structural, financial, and political change over the last thirty years. Different ideologies and policies have served to shape the relationship between government activity and economy in varying directions. Some elements, such as state intervention, have remained as a point of debate. Other factors, like globalization, have just deep developed. The policy of UK governments as a whole has been shaped quite heavily by major economic events during this period, and the legacy left by the Conservative and elbow grease governments can still be seen today. Using a range of sources and my own knowledge, I shall asses the critical elements of the relationship between government and economies over the last 30 years, and their relative importance. The context of this relationship is concerned with the theory of political economy. This is the idea of rationality and growth of the free market (a market in which there is no economic intervention and regulation by th e state, except to en world power private contracts and the ownership of property). First, it is key to outline the characteristics of the relationship the government and the economy share. Clearly, a government influences the way an economy works via its policies. The government uses two branches of policy, fiscal and monetary. Fiscal policy entails government spending whereas monetary policy involves manipulation cheer rates. Both policy instruments are designed to achieve growth. The attempts of a government to influence economic activity in the national economy are delineate as macro-economic measures. Macroeconomics can be described as the study of national economics (Morrison 2002, p.60). Even the government itself is run as a typical business sector in a free ma... ...ound will ever be successful. Monopolies were the created of privatization, but deregulation was a creator of nationalization. This has seen a fine line having to be infatuated between the governments roles in the economy. Globalization has seen individual firms within an economy boost their status and influence, in turn, shutting out government place in their respective economies. Different parties have brought their respective philosophies into power in the UK. Enterprise, freedom of choice and increased competition in individual markets has been the driving force in most action taken by government during this period. In my opinion, it is fair to say, that the UK economy and the UK government have undergone structural, political and geographical change, which has led to Britain maintaining a stranglehold in the battle of the developed and developing economies.

Should We Bow to Louis XIV? Essay -- French History King Louis XIV Ess

Should We Bow to Louis XIV? Louis XIV, ruler of France for 72 years, is known for stabilizing France and making the country a strong European power. However, many of his projects were high-priced and caused scotch problems for the nation. His personal lavish luxuries also were a financial burden to France. By the end of his reign, nearly all of the land he had acquired through war had to be returned, thus wasting enormous sums of French money. King Louis XIV reigned in France from 1643-1715. For 54 of these years, he reigned without the help of an official Prime Minister. Therefore, he personally controlled the French government. This created an absolute monarchy that became a model for much of Europe. Louis involvement in the War of Devolution with Spain, the Dutch War, the War of Palatinate and the War of the Spanish Succession had a vast impact on France. By 1677, Louis had expanded the French navy from a fleet of 20 ships to 270 ships. During h is reign, the arts flourished and French culture blossomed. Along with this came the social structure of the exquisite, extravagant Versailles palace. Louis policy on religion produced the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revoked the former Edict on Nantes. These policies and events had both positive and negative effects on life in France during the 17th Century. It could be argued that during his reign, Louis XIV established France as a dominant European power by expanding the French borders and advancing the arts. History shows that during his reign, France achieved a sore dominant power throughout Europe. Through his careful, deliberate planning, France acquired much new land. France stunned Europe when Louis invaded the Spanis... ... engaged France in numerous battles and because many of his greatest place were now dead, France began to lose many of the lands it had acquired earlier in his reign. By 1697, France had to return Lorraine, Flanders, Luxembourg and the area around the Rhine River. Louis continued to lose battle after battle, and these defeats equipment casualty the economy of France. The cost of these defeats became a huge financial burden on the country. The public debt increased, and taxes were raised. In short, Louis XIV should not be referred to as a incandescent ruler. His projects were costly and were often fruitless. After his closest advisors died, he seemed incapable of making good decisions anymore. His personal luxuries, and his desire to be looked upon as a godlike figure, caused economic problems and a severe national debt that took France centuries to overcome.

Thermal Physics :: essays research papers

Thermal Physics 340 test 1Due Monday, February 18th, at the start of classAs discussed in class, obligingness of your solutions to this exam will indicate that you have not communicated with others concerning this exam. You may hire reference texts and other information at your disposal. Do all problems separately on clean white standard 8.5 X 11 photocopier paper (no notebook paper or scratch paper). Write on only one look of the paper (I dont do double sided). Staple the completed solution set in the upper left hand corner (no binders or clips). Dont turn in pages where you have scratched out or erased excessively, re-write the pages cleanly and neatly. All problems are equally weighted. Assume we are working with common pressures and temperatures with high-flown gases unless noted otherwise. Make sure you list all assumptions that you economic consumption (symmetry, isotropy, binomial expansion, etc.). 1. A container has one wall which contains many small holes, and outs ide the container is vacuum. If the container is fill up with He at pressure Po, it is found that after one hour the pressure inside the container is Po/2. The container is now filled with an equal subject of He and Ne atoms to a total pressure of Po. (a). Calculate the ratio of the number of Ne to He atoms left in the container after one hour. (b). Would this problem be more difficult if the atoms were initially C and H? Explain from cardinal standpoints, the realistic standpoint and the physics-land standpoint. The latter explanation should invoke the assumptions made in the ideal gas model, the former something you know about chemistry. (c). Explain why such(prenominal) a container might be useful in the case of isotopes, especially a series of such containers set up so that what comes out of the starting time goes into the second and so on. 2. A He and H atom collide elastically in a head-on collision. (a). If they have the same kinetic energy (KE) to demoralise with, which one gains KE? Answer this by calculating the amount gained and lost for both, relative to their initial value. (b). Suppose the atoms had the same mass but different kinetic energies? Do not do a detailed calculation here, but instead contract a physical argument as to why the slower frankincense cooler atoms would slow down the faster, hotter atoms. This is one process for the moderation of hot neutrons in a nuclear fission reactor by the water utilize as its coolant.Thermal Physics essays research papers Thermal Physics 340Exam 1Due Monday, February 18th, at the start of classAs discussed in class, submission of your solutions to this exam will indicate that you have not communicated with others concerning this exam. You may use reference texts and other information at your disposal. Do all problems separately on clean white standard 8.5 X 11 photocopier paper (no notebook paper or scratch paper). Write on only one side of the paper (I dont do double sided). Staple the enti re solution set in the upper left hand corner (no binders or clips). Dont turn in pages where you have scratched out or erased excessively, re-write the pages cleanly and neatly. All problems are equally weighted. Assume we are working with normal pressures and temperatures with ideal gases unless noted otherwise. Make sure you list all assumptions that you use (symmetry, isotropy, binomial expansion, etc.). 1. A container has one wall which contains many small holes, and outside the container is vacuum. If the container is filled with He at pressure Po, it is found that after one hour the pressure inside the container is Po/2. The container is now filled with an equal number of He and Ne atoms to a total pressure of Po. (a). Calculate the ratio of the number of Ne to He atoms left in the container after one hour. (b). Would this problem be more difficult if the atoms were initially C and H? Explain from two standpoints, the realistic standpoint and the physics-land standpoint. The latter explanation should invoke the assumptions made in the ideal gas model, the former something you know about chemistry. (c). Explain why such a container might be useful in the case of isotopes, especially a series of such containers set up so that what comes out of the first goes into the second and so on. 2. A He and H atom collide elastically in a head-on collision. (a). If they have the same kinetic energy (KE) to begin with, which one gains KE? Answer this by calculating the amount gained and lost for both, relative to their initial value. (b). Suppose the atoms had the same mass but different kinetic energies? Do not do a detailed calculation here, but instead make a physical argument as to why the slower thus cooler atoms would slow down the faster, hotter atoms. This is one process for the moderation of hot neutrons in a nuclear fission reactor by the water used as its coolant.

Thermal Physics :: essays research papers

Thermal Physics 340Exam 1Due Monday, February 18th, at the cacography of classAs discussed in class, submission of your solutions to this exam will demonstrate that you claim not communicated with others concerning this exam. You may use reference texts and other information at your disposal. Do all problems separately on clean white trite 8.5 X 11 photocopier paper (no notebook paper or scratch paper). save on only whizz side of the paper (I dont do double sided). Staple the entire solution raft in the amphetamine left hand corner (no binders or clips). Dont rise in pages where you have scratched out or erased excessively, re-write the pages cleanly and neatly. All problems are every bit weighted. Assume we are working with normal wrings and temperatures with ideal gases unless noted otherwise. own sure you list all assumptions that you use (symmetry, isotropy, binomial expansion, etc.). 1. A container has one besiege which contains many small holes, and outside the con tainer is vacuum. If the container is filled with He at pressure Po, it is found that after one hour the pressure inside the container is Po/2. The container is at a time filled with an equal number of He and Ne atoms to a heart and soul pressure of Po. (a). Calculate the ratio of the number of Ne to He atoms left in the container after one hour. (b). Would this problem be more difficult if the atoms were initially C and H? Explain from two standpoints, the realistic standpoint and the physics-land standpoint. The latter interpretation should invoke the assumptions made in the ideal gas model, the former something you go to bed about chemistry. (c). Explain why such a container might be multipurpose in the case of isotopes, especially a series of such containers set up so that what comes out of the first goes into the second and so on. 2. A He and H atom collide elastically in a head-on collision. (a). If they have the same kinetic energy (KE) to begin with, which one gains KE? Answer this by calculate the amount gained and lost for both, relative to their initial value. (b). Suppose the atoms had the same big bucks but different kinetic energies? Do not do a precise calculation here, but instead make a physical lean as to why the slower thus cooler atoms would slow down the faster, hotter atoms. This is one process for the moderation of hot neutrons in a nuclear nuclear fission reactor by the water used as its coolant.Thermal Physics essays look for papers Thermal Physics 340Exam 1Due Monday, February 18th, at the start of classAs discussed in class, submission of your solutions to this exam will indicate that you have not communicated with others concerning this exam. You may use reference texts and other information at your disposal. Do all problems separately on clean white standard 8.5 X 11 photocopier paper (no notebook paper or scratch paper). Write on only one side of the paper (I dont do double sided). Staple the entire solution set in t he upper left hand corner (no binders or clips). Dont turn in pages where you have scratched out or erased excessively, re-write the pages cleanly and neatly. All problems are equally weighted. Assume we are working with normal pressures and temperatures with ideal gases unless noted otherwise. Make sure you list all assumptions that you use (symmetry, isotropy, binomial expansion, etc.). 1. A container has one wall which contains many small holes, and outside the container is vacuum. If the container is filled with He at pressure Po, it is found that after one hour the pressure inside the container is Po/2. The container is now filled with an equal number of He and Ne atoms to a total pressure of Po. (a). Calculate the ratio of the number of Ne to He atoms left in the container after one hour. (b). Would this problem be more difficult if the atoms were initially C and H? Explain from two standpoints, the realistic standpoint and the physics-land standpoint. The latter explanation s hould invoke the assumptions made in the ideal gas model, the former something you know about chemistry. (c). Explain why such a container might be useful in the case of isotopes, especially a series of such containers set up so that what comes out of the first goes into the second and so on. 2. A He and H atom collide elastically in a head-on collision. (a). If they have the same kinetic energy (KE) to begin with, which one gains KE? Answer this by calculating the amount gained and lost for both, relative to their initial value. (b). Suppose the atoms had the same mass but different kinetic energies? Do not do a detailed calculation here, but instead make a physical argument as to why the slower thus cooler atoms would slow down the faster, hotter atoms. This is one process for the moderation of hot neutrons in a nuclear fission reactor by the water used as its coolant.

Implementation of no plastic policy Essay

The researcher has chosen the topic The Implementation of Plastic Bag Ban in Some Municipalities in the Philippines because it is associate to her chosen program, Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering. As a Chemical Engineering student, she must study the chemical processes and even changes that argon taking place in the environment. This topic is related in a way that the environment and the manuf forgeuring of plastics are concerned. As seen in the Television News and articles in the newspapers, floods caused by super typhoons have really killed thousands of people. Climate change is the primary cause of this dilemma but this was aggravated by the problems of indisposed garbage that are seen everywhere.Environmentalists are blaming the un bearlable use of plastics and with that, several local government units implemented the plastic bag ban in their municipalities. In other words, banning plastics is their last rootage to this problem. Many disagree with its implementation especially the Plastic Manufacturing Companies and its unions because of their own concerns. Nevertheless, they were not able to stop the banning instead more municipalities are encouraged to do the said banning.In this research paper, she wants to prove that banning plastics is an effective solution to the destruction of the environment. She believes that the existing laws on waste management are not comely to solve the problem thats why the banning of plastics is implemented.She feels that she would have benefits and advantages for the research study because this exit add more knowledge and information that is helpful in preparation for her future career. She also feels that this research study trick answer the present problems of the society.Review of Related LiteratureThe article Campaign vs garbage pushed express that piles of trash can be found everywhere-plastics, discarded and rotten fruits and vegetables fruitpeelings, candy wrappers, and the like. Moreover, the Ecowas te Coalition which is a waste and pollution watchdog observed the environmental problems there.Its also stated that Manny Calonzo, president of Ecowaste Coalition, said that they find plastic bags galore in Divisoria and the piles of mostly plastic rubbish on Recto Avenue and adjacent streets very disturbing. He added that assistance can be offered by conducting community service in the place. The spirit of volunteerism is important in doing this. (2011)Ma. wrap up P. Doyo reported in her article Major major Death by Plastic that environmental, health and justice advocates trooped to the Senate to press the lawmakers to pass a law to control the reckless use and disposal of plastic bags and to tame the plastic monster. The event coincided with the joint hearing called by the senate committee on trade and commerce, chaired by Sen. Manny Villar, and the committee on environmental and natural resources, chaired by Sen.Juan Miguel Zubiri, to discuss bills filed by Sen. Loren Legarda, Miriam Defensor-Santiago and Villar on plastic bags. Legardas SB 1368 is an act providing for a proactive betterment in recycling plastic bags in stores and other retail outlets. SB 1543 is an act regulating the use of plastic grocery bags. Villars SB 1103 is an act promoting sound waste management by requiring all department stores, malls and commercial establishments to utilize reusable environment-friendly shopping bags and provide them free of charge to customers and patron, and for other purposes. (2010) argumentation of the problemThe researcher attempts to answer the following questions in the research study1. What are plastics?2. What is the purpose of implementing the Plastic Bag Ban in some municipalities in the Philippines?3. What are the rules contained in this policy?4. How did the Filipinos respond to the banning of plastics?5. What are its effects?6. What are the conclusive findings the researcher gathered in the study?Thesis avowalThe Plastic Bag Ban is an effecti ve solution to the destruction of our environment.The researcher believes that this policy implemented by several Local Government Units (LGUs) provides the following benefits1. It can solve the problem on uncontrollable increase of plastic wastes in the esteros, drainages, bodies of water, and landfills. 2. This policy could promote alternative packaging like woven bags (bayong). 3. People will be more disciplined.

It was 9 o’clock in the morning when I heard the news that Aliens were going to invade our planet

It was 9 oclock in the morning when I heard the news show that Aliens were going to invade our planet. As unlikely, as this sounded, I knew it to be true the moment I heard it. I had already seen the evidence. Please excuse me I guess I am rushing ahead a bit. It would probably be better if I started from the beginning.It started 10 months ago when I was working at the Jodrell Bank radio squeeze. I was a scientific searcher at the base and a specialist in radar research. Some of my colleagues had been getting spiritual results from their observations and I had been asked to double check the validity of their findings.These werent the only weird happenings either. Scientist from different parts of the planet researching both climate and animal behaviors were also reporting a wide variety of anomalous data.The climate was changing, there were resent reports that a tornado touch the south-east of England. That wasnt the only weird occurrence in brave out that had happened a few we eks later there was another report that a snowstorm had hit West Africa.Alongside all of this there had been rumors of country leaders having meetings discussing the strange events that had been happening.Occurrences after occurrence still leaders around the world were making up lies and excuses, over 100 nuclear power plant had been struck by lightning and earthquakes spontaneously.Haunted by all of these occurrences and happenings, I found it hard to sleep. Even when I could sleep, I was disturbed by weird recurring nightmares. Still, my research work was proving to be equally unsettling. No matter what test I performed, I could find no data that would allow me to dismiss the results drived by my Colleagues.As these findings indicated many anomalous objects were present in near-near Earth orbit. I found myself called in to the office of observation director himself, and as I looked through the images that the Hubble telescope was giving me I noticed weird looking objects that were hovering Earth orbit, by the time I could show the images to my head director we were quickly stopped and uniform to leave the premises. While I tried to go back to get the images as prove I was immediately stop and guided outside of the building. afterwards that incident I was sent home, I had a conversation with my head director telling me that the workplace was being unlikeable for illegal experimenting. The government terminationd Jodrell bank Telescope and announced that we had secret bases.I worked there for 13 years and had never encountered any secret bases were experiments were performed. Why did the government really close my workplace?Day after day I started to realize that my colleagues were rapidly but slowly losing contact. Until 1 morning when I was mysteriously called by one of my colleagues to watch a broadcast acknowledging the existence of other tone forms and their invasion of our planet.While listening to the event, I suddenly thought why has the news can celled black? I thought that they were having technical difficulties so I changed to the next channel and when I did it turned out the same as the channel before. The alone screen just plain black while. At the same time, I was confused, a bright light made me cover my eyes, and a shape appeared with the expressive style it spoke. I knew it to be a face but it wasnt a recognizable face and one that I have never encountered. The shape and figure of the life form was unforgettable. It breathed softly and spoke gently. I understood People of earth, we are concerned that your world leaders have been dishonest and created your worst nightmares, livery destruction and violence upon you. I will give you your last choice of renewing and establishing the disturbance you have caused.I couldnt believe what I was hearing we were so loud that we caused concern upon our cosmic neighbors. They had taken us as threat to the galaxy. This is one big step for human beings.

Personal Model of Helping

I take pride in everything that I do and strive to give my all to the people who invite my attend to, and this is the basis of my own(prenominal) model of shargon. I can non give someone only part of my essay be sustain the individual may not take me serious and not be competent to use the help that I am offering. My goal in offering this help is to assist them in everyplacecoming any(prenominal) negative situation they ar try to get out of. People reach out for help and when they do so they want the best help that they can find because they can adjudicate a positive resolution.I know that circumstances in life can take a toll on a person, and these circumstances cause them to be in the situation that they are seeking help for further to change their behavior and improve themselves they need to give 100% as tumesce as the people who are offering help to them. How and why and you formed this intellectionpoint This viewpoint was formed because there are individuals who seek help from maestro counselors every day because they gestate that these professionals can get them adventure of track with their lifestyle and overcome the struggles of hardship they perk up been facing.If this individual does not believe that the help they are getting from the professional is achieverful than it would seem that either the professional or the individual seeking help is not giving 100% effort on their part in edict to get positive results. There are many different reasonablenesss an individual seeks therapy it can be gambling problems, drug or alcohol addiction, abuse, health issues, family issues, or even death of a family member. A professional counselor needfully to be prepared for any reason that a client may seek help from them and be ready and leaveing to offer them appropriate help of treatment.View of destiny My view of helping is a result of a person taking pride in their profession of helping others and them going the extra mile and giving the effort infallible to make sure the client is on the right path for a positive resolution. People do not appreciate being judged by others and believe that many cannot relate to their situation because they do not understand the lifestyle and hare life they have experiences to this point. It is difficult for these individuals to admit they need professional help, and whence to seek that help from a stranger who may judge them or the situation that he or she is in.The relationship between the clinician and the participant The relationship between the clinician and the participant should be welcoming and inviting to prepare for the session and to go around lines of communication. When individuals talk to others that they do not know personally they have to gain a take aim of comfort so that they can open up and discuss personal matters that are causing their issues. I can relate to a clients story by listening to them on a personal level and then sharing my experiences once the y have built a rapport with me and usher interest in my knowledge.Many views that individuals have of counselors or therapists is that they live a happy and worry free lifestyle and that he or she may/does not have a personal issues they are struggling with because of their profession however this is not ordinarily the case and many counselors seek therapy as well. Many professionals have issues and skeletons in their closet that they do not want anyone else to know about, and every person has a story to tell of their experiences in life and it is not honorable for the counselor or others to be judged establish solely of these experiences or for them seeking help to overcome personal struggles.Technique or flacked to change There are many approaches that a counselor can take to change the perceptions a client may have about their lives, and show them other way to view their situation. When clinicians address behavioral issues with their client the techniques come from modeling. An representative would be a client who struggles with expressing themselves may benefit from seeing the counselor use beneficial skills they need to acquire by demonstrating them in a role play scenario.It can be beneficial to select a model to assist in any role play scenarios who is similar to the client the counselor is trying to help. Age, gender, ethnicity, and social status should all be taken into consideration (Parrott, 2003). Positive reinforcement is another technique in therapy that is successful because it provides positive rewards or recognition for success or positive doions and behaviors. Relaxation training is another method of therapy that can be successful in treating a variety of disorders when other techniques are proven unsuccessful.Some disorders that can be treated successfully with relaxation therapy are headaches, pain, anxiety, hypertension, and PTSD. The radical idea of relaxation training and therapy is that the tension of muscles exacerbates anxiety and results in the individual feeling less anxious by them learning the knowledge to understand the release between tense and relaxed muscle groups and the appropriate methods to treatment training (Parrott, 2003).A coherent model that is consistent, shows adequate understanding of the material presented, and reflects the ability to integrate and synthesize the course material Behavioral therapy shows successful results because it uses approaches that focus on certain characteristics of the individual in an attempt to successfully identify the appropriate therapy approach to helping the understand their behaviors and to gain self-control. In addition to the rise of behaviorism, observational research on the psychology of learning also contributed to the development of behavior therapy.This is an approach based on a view known as logical positivism, under which everything that exists is empirically verifiable. From this perspective, if the material universe, understandable only as matter and energy operating(a) according to universal laws, is all that is, then human beings are material beings only and hence explainable by natural laws In a sense, the experimental method was putting behaviorisms philosophy into practice (Parrott p. 271). The kinds of problems that can be addressed with your model The model learning theory can be used to address behavioral therapy approaches and techniques.Counselors are able to use this to observe their clients actions and behaviors to see if these approaches and techniques are successful for certain clients or all clients they are counseling. cognitive Emotive Dissonance This is the most important stage in new learning and is characterized by two important features. (1) the occurrence when people begin to act and think differently by understanding their new approach and control to their behavioral goals (2) the individual has emotional feelings that are uncomfortable when they start to believe that their actions are incorre ct and they are not behaving appropriately.People using describe these feelings that they experience as feeling wrong or not feeling right to me. An example of this that occurs commonly would be while driving in a place you are unfamiliar with, such as an American questioning themselves for driving on the wrong side of the road in Europe. These types of emotions and feelings are unavoidable in experiences associated with psychotherapeutic therapy or any changes made to a persons habits or accustomed behaviors. This is the stage of maximal therapeutic resistance in psychotherapy.If this approach is poorly handled and not addressed appropriately by the counselor then clients usually become noncompliant and stop attending therapy. Conditioning this is the process of learning behaviors and the reaction or response to learned actions or familiar stimulus and how this changes and becomes a new behavioral response. There are two types of conditioning (1) Classical conditioning where the r esponse to certain stimulus is a learned behavior or innate response to a neutral stimulus, such as salivating to smell of something specific. 2) Operant conditioning where the behaviors they are learning are new, and they develop what their responses and reactions will be. inconsistency The process in which a subjects reaction are only appropriate to one similar or two different stimuli. rebuff A force that impels and motivates individual or animals to make a certain behavioral response based on the actions that have occurred. In behavioristic terms, involve is often driven by physiologic deprivations such a shelter, food, water, or necessities to survive.It also can be a reaction or response as a result of pain or unbearable or unpleasant stimulus (Maultsby & Wirga, 1998). Multicultural Issues Multicultural issues come from the diversity of others seeking help. There are many different reasons in which individuals seek counseling, so with this being said the counselor should be prepared on how to approach any situation they are confronted with by their clients. They need to be well write in multicultural issues that can influence the approach to therapy uch as cross-cultural counseling where the client and the therapist do not share the same background, values, or lifestyle and these can be obstacles to overcome for any professional. People of cross-cultural differences find it difficult to conclude of agreements with certain techniques or approaches to therapy that would be the most successful for the client. Gender issues are something to consider, where a male therapist may not be well versed or experienced in matters of women issues and it can seem that they are not taking the clients matter serious where a female therapist may be able to relate to what the client is experiencing.Individuals who are disabled may feel singled out by others and isolated from the general population so the therapist needs to research and understand how to appropriately approach a client with this issue. Clients who are religious may not view therapy as a successful dig because of their beliefs. Certain professionals have techniques or therapeutic methods that are successful for many of their clients. The challenge they face is how to handle issues that are spiritual or religious in any way, ensure ethical integrity with the client while still being able to offer a method of treatment that they believe will be successful (Parrott, 2003).Limitations and strengths of the model The limitations of therapy or strengths of the treatment or model of therapy can depend on the clients learning abilities or disabilities, health issues, or cognitive challenges from clients who suffer from mental disorders, PTSD, or anxiety. The population this model can help The behavioral model can help many individuals within the population, and in order for this model to be successful people have to be open to receiving help even if it means putting them in situations tha t can bring them back to negative situations that are the roots of the individuals issues.The population that is seeking the help could be individuals addicted to drugs who want to get help to overcome and fight their addiction but do not understand the proper approach to overcoming these issues. Prostitutes who want to stop the emotional and physical abuse they are causing to themselves by selling their dust for money. Even married couples who are at the end of their relationship but want to try to save what they once had in order to avoid divorce. separate clients who can benefit from this model of therapy ould be clients who suffer from health issues and are trying to understand how to cope with it, parents who are trying to gain control over a rebellious child, or even individuals who suffer from phobias that are interfering with them living a successful life. Original Thinking Individuals have to be open and accepting of therapy for it to be successful, when an individual is open to receiving help and seek a positive resolution to their issues then the counselor can participate in the clients therapy and give them the necessary steps to take for a successful change.Being an effective counselor means being open to new techniques, ideas, and approached to therapy that could be successful for the client. Each client and every case is different so there are different approaches to take in handling the situation in a professional manner. Conclusion There are many needs for therapy that need a successful approach, and a therapist willing to adapt to the needs of the patient.Utilizing all theories, methods, and techniques available to the therapist will help them have the tools necessary to offer treatment for any issue that their client presents them with. When a therapist is confident(p) in their abilities and can relate to the issues faced by their client then they will have the inside needed to develop a successful approach to treatment and to present the ir client with a plan that explains their model of helping so that the client can be actively involved in the success of their treatment.ReferencesIndividual Counseling, Life SkillsBehavioral Therapy, and Group Experiences www.lifelongaes.com/services%20and%20fees/counseling.html. Kondrat, A. (2009). Behavioral and Cognitive Approach in Psychology. Retrieved from http//suite101.com/article/behavioral-and-cognitive-approach-in-psychology-a98399 Maultsby, Maxie C. & Wirga, Mariusz. (1998). Behavioral Therapy. Howard University College of Medicine. www.arcobem.com/publications/Beh-Tx.htm. Parrott, L., III. (2003). Counseling and psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA Thomson/ permit/Cole. Smith, M.A., M., Segal, M.A., R., & Segal, Ph.D.,

Integration

http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com superfluous maths FORM 5 MODULE 4 integration http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION Content Concept Map varlet 2 34 5 6 7 89 10 11 12 4. 1 consolidation of Algebraic Functions Exercise A 4. 2 The Equation of a Curve from Functions of Gradients. Exercise B SPM incredulity Assessment wait on http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 1 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com Indefinite Integral a) o o a x n a dx = ax + c. xn+ 1 + c. n+ 1 b) x n dx = c ) o d x = a o x n d x = a n x + n + 1 1 + c . consolidation of Algebraic Functions ) ) The f (x) g(x) dx = o f (x) dx d o Equation of a Curve from Functions of Gradients o g(x)dx y = y = o f ( x ) d x c, f (x) + http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 2 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com INTEGRATION 1. Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. dy 2. If y is a depart of x and = f ( x) then o f ( x)dx = y + c, c = constant. dx If dy = f ( x ), then dx o f ( x)dx = y 4 . 1. Integration of Algebraic Functions Indefinite Integral a) b) o o a dx = ax + c. n a and c are constants xn+ 1 x dx = + c. n+ 1 n c is constant, n is an integer and n ? c) o ax dx = a o ax n + 1 x dx = + c. n+ 1 n and c are constants n is an d) o f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = o f ( x) dx o g ( x)dx http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 3 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com scrape up the indefinite inbuilt for each of the following. a ) ? 5dx b) ? x 3 dx c) ? 2 x dx 5 d) ? ( x ? 3x 2 )dx Always remember to include +c in your answers of indefinite integrals. Solution a) ? 5dx ? 5x ? c b) 3 ? x dx ? x3? 1 ? c 3 ? 1 x4 = ? c 4 2 c) 5 ? 2 x dx ? 2 x5? 1 ? c 5 ? 1 2 x6 = ? c 6 1 = x6 ? c 3 d) ? ( x ? 3x )dx ? ? xdx ? ? 3x 2 dx = x 2 3 x3 ? ?c 2 3 x2 = ? x3 ? c 2 arrest the indefinite integral for each of the following. a) ? ? x ? 3x ? dx 2 x 4 b) ?x ? x 2 4 ? ? ? 3 ? ? dx x ? ? a) Solution x ? 32 ? ? x 4 ?dx ? ? x 32 ? ? ? x4 ? x4 ? dx ? ? b) 2 4? ? ? 2 4? ? 3 ? 4 ? dx = ? ? 3x ? 2 ? dx x ? x ? ? ? = ? 32 ? 4 x ? 2 dx ? x ? 1 ? 3x 3 = ? 4? c 3 ? ?1 ? 4 = x3 ? ? c x ? ? x? 3 ? 3x? 2 dx ? x? 1 ? x? 2 = ? 3? c ? 2 ? ?1 ? 1 3 =? 2 ? ?c 2x x ? ? ? ? http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 4 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com 1. mention ? ? 3x 2 ? 4 x ? 10 dx. ? 3m 2. square up ? ? x 2 ? 1 ? 2 x ? 3 ? dx. ? 3m 1? ? 3. Find ? ? 2 x ? ? dx. x? ? 2 3m 4. Find ? ? 2x ? ? 3 ?x? 3 ? ? 2 ? dx. 4 x ? 3m 6x ? 5 5. Integrate with respect to x. x3 3m 6. Find ? ?x 5 ? 42 2x 4 ? dx 3m 3 ? ? 7. Find ? x ? 6 ? 6 ? x . x ? ? 2 3m 8. Integrate x 2 ? 3x ? 2 with respect to x. x ? 1 3m http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 5 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com The Equation of a Curve from Functions of Gradients dy ? f ( x), then the equation of the warp is dx If the gradient function of the crook is y ? ? f ( x ) dx c is constant. y ? f ( x) ? c, Find the equation of the curve that has the gradient function 3x ? 2 and passes by means of the appoint (2, ? 3). Solution The gradient function is 3x ? 2. dy ? 3x ? 2 dx y ? ? (3x ? 2)dx y? 32 ? 2x ? c 2 The curve passes through the point (2, ? 3). Thus, x = 2, y = ? 3. 3(2) 2 ? 3 ? ? 2x ? c 2 ? 3 ? 6 ? 4 ? c c ? 5 Hence, the equation of curve is y? 3x 2 ? 2x ? 5 2 http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 6 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com 1. given that dy ? 6 x ? 2 , express y in terms of x if y = 9 when x = 2. dx 2. given up the gradient function of a curve is 4x ? 1. Find the equation of the curve if it passes through the point (? 1, 6). 3. The gradient function of a curve is given by dy 48 ? kx ? 3 , where k is a constant. dx x Given that the suntan to the curve at the point (-2, 14) is parallel to the x-axis, find the equation of the curve. http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 7 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM 2003- composing 2 Question 3 (a) Given that y ? 2 x ? 2 and y = 6 when x = ? 1, find y in terms of x. dx 3 marks SPM 2004- constitution 2 Question 5(a) The gradient function of a curve which passes through A(1, ? 12) is 3 x 2 ? 6 x. Find the equation of the curve. 3 marks http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 8 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM 2005- Paper 2 Question 2 A curve has a gradient function px 2 ? 4 x , where p is a constant. The tangent to the curve at the point (1, 3) is parallel to the corking line y + x ? 5 =0. Find (a) the value of p, 3 marks (b) the equation of the curve. 3 marks http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 9 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com 1.Find the indefinite integral for each of the following. (a) ? ? 4x 3 ? 3 x ? 2 dx ? (b) 3? x ? ? 2 2 ? 6? ? dx x3 ? 1 ? 2 ( c) (c) ? ? x 5 + 5 6x ? 3 ? ? dx ? ? x2 ? 3 (d) ? ? ? x2 ? ? ? 2 ? ? dx ? ? 2. If dy ? 4 x3 ? 4 x, and y = 0 when x = 2, find y in terms of x. dx http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 10 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com 3. If dp v3 ? 2v ? , and p = 0 when v = 0, find the value of p when v = 1. dv 2 4. Find the equation of the curve with gradient 2 x 2 ? 3 x ? 1, which passes through the origin. 5. d2y dy dy Given that ? 4 x, and that ? 0, y = 2 when x = 0. Find and y in terms 2 dx dx dx of x. http//mathsmozac. blogspot. om 11 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com EXERCISE A 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) x ? 2 x ? 10 x ? c 3 2 SPM QUESTIONS 1) y ? x2 ? 2x ? 7 2) y ? x3 ? 3 x 2 ? 10 3) p ? 3, y ? x3 ? 2 x 2 ? 4 x4 ? x3 ? 3x ? c 2 4 3 1 x ? 4x ? ? c 3 x 4 2 x x 1 ? ? 3 ? 2x ? c 2 2 x 6 5 ? ? 2 x 2x 2 x 2 ? ?c 4 x 1 2 x3 ? 3 ? c x 2 x ? 2x ? c 2 ASSESSMENT 1) (a ) x 4 ? 3 2 x ? 2x ? c 2 2 3 (b) 3x ? ? 2 ? c x x 6 x 1 (c ) ? ?c 9 24 x 4 x3 9 (d ) ? 6x ? ? c 3 x y ? x4 ? 2 x2 ? 8 p? 7 8 2 3 3 2 x ? x ? x 3 2 2 3 x ? 2 3 EXERCISE B 1) y ? 3x 2 ? 2 x ? 1 3 x 2 24 ? 2 ? 2 2 x 2) 2) y ? 2 x 2 ? x ? 3 3) y ? 3) 4) y? 5) y? http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 12 http//sahatmozac. logspot. com ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS FORM 5 MODULE 5 INTEGRATION http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 13 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com CONTENT CONCEPT MAP INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION DEFINITE INTEGRALS EXERCISE A EXERCISE B ASSESSMENT SPM QUESTIOS ANSWERS 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 http// mathsmozac. blogspot. com 14 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com CONCEPT MAP INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION un ? ax ? b ? dx ? ? du ? a n DEFINITE INTEGRALS If b d g(x) ? f (x) then dx b where u = ax + b, a and b are constants, n is an integer and n ? -1 OR (a) ? f (x)dx g(x)? ? g(b) ? g(a) a a (b) ? f (x)dx f (x)dx a a b b (c) ? f (x)dx f (x)dx ? ? f (x)dx a b a b c ? ax ? b ? ? ? ax ? b ? dx ? a ? n ? 1? n n ? 1 ? c, where a, b, and c are constants, n is integer and n ? -1 http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 15 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION un ? ? ax ? b ? dx ? ? a du n where u = ax + b, a and b are constants, n is an integer and n ? -1 O R ? ax ? b ? ? ? ax ? b ? dx ? a ? n ? 1? n n ? 1 ? c, where a, b, and c are constants, n is integer and n ? -1 Find the indefinite integral for each of the following. (a) ? ? 2 x ? 1? dx 3 (b) ? 4(3 x ? 5)7 dx 2 (c) ? dx (5 x ? 3)3 SOLUTION (a) ? ? 2 x ? 1? dx 3 let u = 2x +1 du du ? 2 ? dx ? dx 2 3 3 ? du ? ? (2 x ? 1) dx ? ? u ? ? ? ? u3 = ? du 2 u 3 ? 1 = ? c 2(3 ? 1) u4 +c 8 (2 x ? 1) = +c 8 = Substitute 2x+1 and substitute dx with du dx = 2 OR (2 x ? 1) 4 ? c ? (2 x ? 1) dx ? 2(4) 3 = ? 2 x ? 1? 8 4 ?c Substitute u = 2x +1 http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 16 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com (b) ? 4(3 x ? 5) dx 7 (c) Let u ? 3 x ? 5 du du ? 3 ? dx ? dx 3 7 4u 7 du ? 4(3 x ? 5) dx ? ? 3 4u 8 = ? c 3(8) u8 ? c 6 (3u ? 5)8 = ? c 6 = 2 dx ? ? 2(5 x ? 3) ? 3 dx (5 x ? 3)3 Let u ? 5 x ? 3 du du ? 5 ? dx ? dx 5 ? 3 2u ? 3 du ? 2(5 x ? 3) dx ? ? 5 2u ? 3 = ? c 5(? 2) ? OR 4(3 x ? 5)8 ? c ? 4(3 x ? 5) dx ? 3(8) 7 u ? 2 ? c ? 5 1 = ? 2 5u 1 =? ?c 5(5 x ? 3)2 = = (3x ? 5)8 ? 6 DEFINITE INTEGRALS If d g ( x) ? f ( x) then dx b (a) (b) ? b a b f ( x)dx ? ? g ( x) ? ? g (b) ? g (a) a ? (c ) ? a b f ( x)dx ? ? ? f ( x)dx a b a f ( x)dx ? ? f ( x)dx ? ? f ( x)dx b a c c http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 17 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com Evaluate each of the following ( x ? 3)( x ? 3) (a) ? 12 dx x4 1 1 (b) ? 0 dx (2 x ? 1) 2 SOLUTION (a) x2 ? 9 2 ( x ? 3)( x ? 3) ? c ? ?12 4 dx ? 1 x4 x 2 9 ? 2? x = ? 1 ? 4 ? 4 ? dx x ? ?x = ? 12 ( x ? 2 ? 9 x ? 4 )dx ? x ? 1 ? x ? 3 ? ? =? ? 9? ? ? 3 ? ?1 ? ?1 2 2 (b) ?0 1 1 1 dx ? ?0 (2 x ? 1)? 2 dx 2 (2 x ? 1) 1 = ? 0 (2 x ? 1) ? 2 dx ? (2 x ? 1) ? 1 ? =? ? ? ?1(2) ? 0 ? 1 = ? ? 2(2 x ? 1) ? 0 =? ? ? 1 1 ? 22(1) ? 1 ? 22(0) ? 1 ? 1 1 ? 1 3? = ? 3 ? ? x x ? 1 ? 1 3 ? ? 1 3? = ? 3 ? ? 3 ? ? 2 2 ? ? 1 1 ? 1 3 = ? ? ? (? 1 ? 3) 2 8 1 =? ?2 8 1 =? 2 8 1 ? 1? = ? ? 6 ? 2? 1 = 3 http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 18 Distributed18. 1. 09 Return20. 1. 09 INTEGRATE THE FOLLOWING USING SUBSTITUTION METHOD. (1) ? ( x ? 1)3dx (2) ? ?4 ? 3 x ? 5 ? dx ? 5 (3) ? 1 ? 5 x ? 3? dx 4 1 ? ? (4) ? ? 5 ? x ? dx 2 ? ? ?3 1 ? ? (5) ? 5 ? 4 ? y ? dy 2 ? ? 4 3? 2 ? (6) ? ? 5 ? u ? du 2? 3 ? 5 19 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com EXERCISE B 8 1. Evaluate ? 3 ( x3 ? 4)dx dish up 1023. 75 2. Evaluate Answer 3 ? ?3 1 2 x( x ? x ? 5)dx 8 83 96 ?2 ? 3. Integrate ? x ? 5 ? with respect t o x ? 3 ? 4 4. Evaluate ? 1 3 1 ? ? ? 2 ? 3x ? 4 ? dx ? 1 x ? ? 1 Answer 3 ? 2 ? ? x ? 5? ? c 10 ? 3 ? 5 Answer 3 5. Evaluate ? 3 1 ? 2 x ? 1 2 x ? 1? dx 4 x2 6. Given that of 2 5 ? 5 2 f ( x)dx ? 10 , find the value 5 Answer 1 6 ? ? 1 ? 2 f ( x)? dx Answer 17 http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 20 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com ASSESSMENT ?6 and 2. (a) ? 5(2 ? 3v) dv 4 (b) ? dx 5 3 ? 1 ? 5 x ? 1. Given that ? 2 2 1 f ( x)dx ? 3 ? 2 3 f ( x)dx ? ?7 . Find (a) the value of k if (b) ? ? kx ? f ( x)? dx ? 8 1 ? ? 5 f ( x) ? 1? dx 3 1 Answer (a) k = (b) 48 22 3 3.Show that d ? x 2 ? 2 x 2 ? 6 x 4. . ? dx ? 3 ? 2 x ? ? 3 ? 2 x ? 2 4 Given that ? 4 0 f ( x)dx ? 3 and Hence, find the value of Answer 1 10 ? ? 3 ? 2x ? 0 1 x ? x ? 3? ? 0 g ( x)dx ? 5 . Find 4 0 2 dx . ? f ( x)dx ? ? g ( x)dx (b) ? ?3 f ( x) ? g ( x)? dx (a) 0 4 0 4 Answer (a) 15 (b) 4 http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 21 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM QUESTIONS SPM 2003 PAPER 1, QUESTION 17 1. Given that ? SPM 2004 PA PER 1, QUESTION 22 k n dx ? k ? 1 ? x ? ? c , 2. Given that 1 ? 2 x ? 3? dx ? 6 , where k -1 , find the value of k. 4 marks ? 1 ? x ? find the value of k and n 3 marks Answer k = 5 5 Answer k = ? =-3 3 5 4 SPM 2005 PAPER 1, QUESTION 21 6 6 3. Given that ? 2 f ( x)dx ? 7 and ? 2 (2 f ( x) ? kx)dx ? 10 , find the value of k. Answer k = 1 4 http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 22 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com ANSWERS EXERCISE A 1. 3 ( x + 1)4 + c 2. 60 (3 x +5) 4 + c 3. ?20 EXERCISE B 1. 1023. 75 ? 5 x ? 3? 3 ?c 2. 3 83 96 5 4. 3? 1 ? ?5 ? x? ? c 2? 2 ? ? y? ?c ? 6 4 ?2 3 ? 2 ? 3. ? x ? 5? ? c 10 ? 3 ? 1 3 5 5. 1 6 6. 17 1 ? 5. ?10 ? 4 ? 2 ? 6. 4. 3 2 ? ? ? 5 ? 5 ? u ? ? c 3 ? ? ASSESSMENT 22 1. (a) k = 3 (b) 48 2. (a) 90(2 3v) +c ? 100 (b) (1 ? 5 x) ? 4 ? c 3 3. 1 10 -5 SPM QUESTIONS 1. k = ? 2. k = 5 3. = 1 4 5 3 n=-3 4. (a) 15 (b) 4 http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 23 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE 6 INTEGRATION http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 24 htt p//sahatmozac. blogspot. com CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION Content Concept Map 9. 1 Integration as Summation of Areas page 2 3 46 78 9 11 12 14 15 Exercise A 9. 2 Integration as Summation of Volumes Exercise B SPM Question Answer http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 25 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com a) The area under a curve which enclosed by x-axis, x = a and x = b is a) The rule book generated when a curve is rotated through 360? conflict the x-axis is ? ? b a y dx b) The area under a curve which enclosed by y-axis, y = a and y = b is b a Vx ? ? ? y 2 dx a b x dy b) The the great unwashed generated when a curve is rotated through 360? rough the y-axis is c) The area enclosed by a curve and a straight line ? ? f ( x) ? g ( x)? dx b a Vy ? ? ? x 2 dy a b http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 26 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com 3. INTEGRATION 3. 1 Integration as Summation of Area y y = f(x) b a a b 0 The area under a curve which enclosed by x = a and x = b is x 0 x y = f(x) ? b a ydx The area un der a curve which is enclosed by y = a and y = b isNote The area is preceded by a negative sign if the region lies below the x axis. ? b a xdy Note The area is preceded by a negative sign if the region is to the left of the y axis. The area enclosed by a curve and a straight line y y = g (x) y = f (x) a The area of the shaded region = = b b x ? ? ? f ( x) ? g ( x)? dx a b a a b f ( x)dx ? ? g ( x) http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 27 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com 1. Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram. y y = x2 2x 2. Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram. y y = -x2 + 3x+ 4 x -1 0 4 0 x http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 28 http//sahatmozac. logspot. com 3. Find the area of the shaded region y y=2 4. Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram. y y = x2 + 4x + 4 0 x = y2 x -2 -1 0 2 x http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 29 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com 5. Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram y 1 x = y3 y x 6. y y = ( x 1)2 0 0 x x=k -1 G iven that the area of the shaded region in 28 the diagram above is units2. Find the 3 value of k. http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 30 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com 3. 2 Integration as Summation of Volumes y y=f(x) The volume generated when a curve is rotated through 360? about the x-axis is 0 a b xVx ? ? ? y 2 dx a b y y=f(x) The volume generated when a curve is rotated through 360? about the y-axis is b a 0 x Vy ? ? ? x 2 dy a b http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 31 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com y y=x(x+1) Find the volume generated when the shaded region is rotated through 360? about the x-axis. x 0 Answer x=2 ? ? ? y 2 dx 0 2 Volume generated ? ? ? x 2 ? x ? 1? dx 2 2 0 ? ? ? ( x 4 ? 2 x3 ? x 2 )dx 0 2 ? x 5 2 x 4 x3 ? ? ? ? ? 4 3 ? 0 ? 5 2 25 2(2)4 23 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0? 5 4 3? ? 256 1 ? ? 17 ? units 3 . 15 15 y y ? 6 ? x2 The figure shows the shaded region that is enclosed by the curve y ? ? x 2 , the x-axis and the y-axis. Calculate the volume generated when the shaded reg ion is revolved through 360? about y-axis. 0 Answer Given y ? 6 ? x 2 substitute x ? 0 into y ? 6 ? x Then, y ? 6? 0 y? 6 2 x Volume generated ? ? ? x 2 dy 0 6 ? ? ? ? 6 ? y ? dx 6 0 ? y2 ? ? ? ?6 y ? ? 2 ? 0 ? 62 ? ? 6(6) ? 2 ? 18? units 3 . ? ? ? ? 0? ? ? 6 http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 32 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com 1. y y = x (2 x) 0 x The above figure shows the shaded region that is enclosed by the curve y = x (2 x) and x-axis. Calculate the volume generated when the shaded region is revolved through 360? bout the y-axis. 4 marks http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 33 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com 2. y R (0, 4) Q (3, 4) P (0, 2) y? = 4 (x + 1) 0 x=3 x The figure shows the curve y ? ( x ? 2) 2 . Calculate the volume generated when the shaded region is revolved through 360? about the x-axis. http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 34 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com 3. y R (0, 4) x y ? ? 3? x 0 x=k The above figure shows part of the curve y ? ? 3 ? x and the straight line x = k. If the volume generated when the shaded region is revolved through 1 360? about the x-axis is 12 ? units3 , find the value of k. 2 http//mathsmozac. logspot. com 35 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM 2003- Paper 2 Question 9 (b) Diagram 3 shows a curve x ? y 2 ? 1 which intersects the straight line 3 y ? 2 x at point A. y 3 y ? 2x 3y ? 2x x ? y2 ? 1 ?1 0 x Diagram 3 Calculate the volume generated when the shaded region is involved 360? about the y-axis. 6 marks http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 36 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM 2004- Paper 2 Question 10 Diagram 5 shows part of the curve y ? y 3 ? 2 x ? 1? 2 which passes through A(1, 3). A(1,3) y? 0 a) b) Diagram 5 3 ? 2 x ? 1? 2 x Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point A. 4 marks A egion is bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the straight lines x=2 and x= 3. i) Find the area of the region. ii) The region is revolved through 360? about the x-axis. Find the volume generated, in terms of ? . 6 marks http//math smozac. blogspot. com 37 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com SPM 2005- Paper 2 Question 10 In Diagram 4, the straight line PQ is normal to the curve y ? straight line AR is parallel to the y-axis. y x2 ? 1 at A(2, 3). The 2 y? x2 ? 1 2 A(2, 3) 0 R Diagram 4 Find (a) (b) (c) Q(k, 0) x the value of k, 3 marks the area of the shaded region, 4 marks the volume generated, in terms of ? when the region bounded by the curve, the y-axis and the straight line y = 3 is revolved through 360? about y-axis. 3 marks http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 38 http//sahatmozac. blogspot. com EXERCISE A EXERCISE B 1. 1 1 ? unit 2 15 1. 1 1 units 2 3 5 units 2 6 2. 2. 20 3 6 ? unit 3 5 k ? ?2 3. 3. 2 2 units 2 3 2 units 2 3 SPM QUESTIONS SPM 2003 Volume Generated ? 52 ? units3 15 4. 24 SPM 2004 i) Area ? 1 units 2 5 49 ? units3 1125 5. 1 units 2 2 k? 4 ii) Volume Generated ? 6. SPM 2005 a) k ? 8 1 b) Area ? 12 units2 3 c) Volume Generated ? 4? units? http//mathsmozac. blogspot. com 39

Health and Social Care Essay

IntroductionThe aim of this essay is to review and learn ab divulge the perspectives of considerablyness and well-being, perspective measures and job roles, factors feigning wellness and well being, and to do a wellness promotion campaign. To do this we depart look in books and on the internet to research each of these then at once we have a good knowledge of them we will produce a campaign to teach to peck on a health promotion topic. define HealthI am doing first part of the essay on health and how pot define it. To do this I will be handing out questionnaires and looking through my break up notes and reviewing them.There ar some(prenominal) expositions of health, only if the way you define it depends on the soulfulness e.g. Being without illness. this means to have no illnesses or diseases, Health is a state of complete physical, mental and neighborly well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. this statement is strenuous to say you dont just h ave to have an illness to be unwell it in any(prenominal) case depends on your social and mental state, and how you feel well-nigh yourself (W.H.O. 1948), Just being able. this statement is just saying your healthy if your happy with yourself and your vivification, Health is the extent to which an individual I wear skirts or chemical group is able, on the one hand to realise aspiration and needs and on the new(prenominal) hand, to change or cope with the environment. Health is therefore appearn as a vision for everyday life, not the object of living. It is positive concept emphasing social and someoneal resources, as well as physical capacities. (W.H.O. 1986) etc. (All of these are from class notes) merely these views have a negative and positive point side to them such as Being without illness which is negative, because its just saying, if you not injured or you dont have and illness your in good health, but it too depends on a persons state of mind, and how the truly fee l roughly themselves also this is a bit to straight forward, and in considerate of completely the other aspects of health (PI.E.S.) because it just says it in a much scientific way (bio-medical descry the body as a machine).Another view on health is Being fit. Being the correct weight and height for your age. Feeling well in your self (Appendix 2) these is a positive and negative view on health because it sees the fact that you dope be unhealthy but still be happy and feel good.Bio-medial Model of HealthThis model of health dominates all other models of health. The Bio-medical or scientific model of health is when you see the body as a machine, so if its broken it can be fixed by repairing the damaged part e.g.Car mortalCar wont start Person feels illCall garage Go to G.P.Service ExaminationDiagnosis DiagnosisMended Treatment offeredCar runs Feeling better(Health and social care ocr a. fisher etc. p 78)This form of health doesnt focus on the mind or the social circumstance it focuses on understanding how a disease flora or how the person can be cured. An example of some one using this form of health care is when a doctor and other qualified heap decide on a treatment or diagnosis for a patient, e.g. looking at medical tests and notes to reach a diagnosis. likewise there can be a few disadvantages to this model of health e.g. its not as suitable for people with long term illnesses or people with disabilities because they can not always be cured, and this form of treatment can be quite a intrusive because of tests etc., so some people whitethorn not like it and it whitethorn hazard them feel uncomfortable.Another disadvantage is that because it doesnt look at the social aspects of the patients life they may not find the origin of the problem, so the person could become ill again.Social Model of HealthThis form of health is much about the origins of health in a social shoes such as housing, social groups etc., and understanding where the problem sta rted and finding a better way to test the situation for example cleaning the house for dust so it doesnt aggravate a persons asthma. besides due to this health model the endureder rate has dramatically decreased during the 20th century, because people have found the original source of the problem and done something about it and they did it so you can increase a persons quality of life and decrease illness.However there are disadvantages to this medical model because finding and solving the problems can be hard and it ignores the biomedical model of health.Government Initiative Saving Lives Our Healthier NationFor my health promotion campaign Im doing skunk so this giving medication initiative links into it.The aim of this governing body initiative is to improve everyones health, and the people who are severally pertained in particular.By 2010 they wishing to abridge the death rate from cancer in people under the age of 75 by at least 1/5 Reduce the death rate from coronar y heart disease, stroke and other related illnesses in people under the age of 75 by at least 2/5 Reduce the death rate from accidents by at least 1/5 and to reduce the rate of serious injury from accidents by at least 1/10 Reduce the death rate from suicide and undetermined injury by at least 1/5 (Class notes) collectible to these things the government brought in some measures to dish deal with these problems which are tackling smoking which is one of the biggest causes of ill health along with alcohol, also to tackle sexual health, drugs, regimen safety, water fluoridation, and communicable diseases, to put more money in the NHS, topical anaesthetic authorities and the government focusing on improving health. (Appendix 1)Illness impairment of linguistic rule physiological function involveing part or all of an organism. (http//uk.ask.com/reference/dictionary/wordnetuk/81070/illness)The Illness Wellness ContinuumAccording to The Illness Wellness Continuum the less well you are the closer you are to premature death (as shown by the diagram above left = death right = high level of wellness). This also relates to the government initiative because the government wants to reduce mortality by reducing illness.Reviewing QuestionnairesThis is a graph to show the amount of people who took the questionnaire and are either service users or service providers.This graph shows the number of men and women who took the questionnaire, and as you can see the important amount of people who took the questionnaire were women.Stop dope AdvisorThe Stop Smoking Advisor works with patients in the community, to provide stop smoking support, treatment and advice set up by local and national standards. A Smoking Advisor works with the Stop Smoking Specialists to give one-to-one and group support so their work means they have to travel all around the country to many disparate places such as health centres, hospitals, community buildings, working mens clubs, Sure Start buildings etc.To give support and inform people about the dangers of smoking they may do a presentation or bring in videos for people to watch such as the NHS (National Health Service) smoking adverts on T.V., also the advisor may bring in graphic pictures to shock people and make them understand what theyre doing to their bodies e.g.The responsibilities and skills needed to be a smoking advisor are as follows(http//www.jobs.nhs.uk/cgi-bin/vacdetails.cgi?search_db_no=2&selection=911717227&vn=2)Health VisitorHealth visitors are registered nurses or midwives who work to promote good health, and go along illness in the community. But spend most of their day visiting people in their homes and helping with tasks.Health visitors work with many polar people in the community such as the elder, disabled, and the long-term sick, and offers them support and advice to help people overcome their disabilities.Health visitors have many duties they need to do Advising the elderly on health issues telling people about proper care needed to maintain equipment e.g. catheter care. Advising new mothers on issues such as hygiene, safety, feeding and quiescency this is because a new mother may not no about all the responsibilities that come with a child so the will need to be informed. Counselling people on issues such as post-natal depression, bereavement, or being diagnosed HIV positive. Co-ordinating child immunisation programmes. Organising special clinics or drop-in centres.(http//www.learndirect-advice.co.uk/helpwithyourcareer/jobprofiles/profiles/profile429/) To be a health visitor, you should be able to do all these things Be able to get on well with all sorts of people this is because they work with a wind aver of people in all different circumstances. Be interested in and aware of health and social issues this is so they can communicate with all different sorts of people and be aware of any issues that need addressing. Have very good communication and listening skills this is so the patient can trust the health visitor and in turn give better care. Be patient and persuasive this is because it may be hard for people to do certain things or they may have learning difficulties which may hinder their care. Be able to understand body language and other non-verbal communication this is so you can make the best of a situation by interpreting it. Also it may improve communication. Be responsible and be good time management this is also to improve the relation ship between patients and the health visitor because if there late the patient may feel they are not wanted of no one has time for them. Be able to work on your own this is because a health visitor mainly works on their own in homes so you need to be independent. Be mature and be able to deal with distressing issues.TrainingAs a qualified nurse or midwife it is necessary to take a degree or postgraduate course in public health nursing/health visiting if you adjure to become a health visitor .Courses last one year full-time or two years part-time and are available at colleges and universities passim the UK.Courses use both the theoretical (studying subjects such as community practice and public health, counselling and social policy), and practical placements supervised by an experienced health visitor.Qualified health visitors are expected to keep their skills up to date through continuous development.A health visitor also runs immunisation programmes set by the local government initiative i.e. in certain areas different illnesses may be more prominent so they will have different vaccines to immunise them.Factors That Affect HealthFactors that collide with health can be this such as eating habits, exercise, life style, attitudes and prejudices, income, physical factors, environment etc. but there are many different views that go along with them, so to see if these descriptions meet with what normal civilians think are right (compared to professionals) I am going to do two interviews with two different people and see if there social factors and pecuniary factors go along with these professional descriptions.Financial FactorsIncome factors are probably one of the main problems with arduous to get good health care, this is when you do not earn enough money to get the things you need to hold water and be well. If you do not have enough money to get adequate health care you may become unwell, also if you are inefficient to afford things such as health food, housing, etc. it could increase your chances of getting ill.Also this may lead to the life changes or factors that ingrain your health, because you are unable(p) to get what you want and need.Social FactorsSocial factors or social class are tied in with income because what group youre in depends on how a great deal you earn. Social circumstances contribute a lot to a persons health because usually if youre higher(prenominal) up the socio-economic ladder you will have more money and be able to afford better health care. These social factors also relate to family and culture. Family how many people in your family, how they affect your life etc. Culture how people live their lives such as following religions (for example Jehovahs witnesses dont allow descent transfusions) etc.Poor social and economic circumstances affect health and well being all the way through life. People further trim down the social ladder are usually twice as likely to be at risk of serious illness and premature death. (Appendix 15)Also in certain classes things such as smoking or binge drinking can be more usual than in other classes. For example Children in a lower group are five times more likely to die from an accident, than those in a higher group. People in class five are tercet times more likely to have a stroke than someone in class one. Infant mortality is higher in the lower groups.And all this is mainly because they cannot afford better health care and housing, healthier food etc . (N, Moonie p138)Life StylePeople see Life style a choice you make such as drinking sensibly or the practice of safe sex. However, it can be more complicated than that e.g. if you have a low income it may be harder for you to eat healthier than those people who can afford a healthier life style. This is because trying to live a healthy life style is expensive, especially health food because it takes longer to prepare, also if you dont have a local store that sales heath food i.e. organic things with no preservatives it can be hard.Also due to many other factors such as up bringing, social factors etc. it may be hard to lead a healthy life according to the government views, because doing all the things you may need to do to keep healthy can be expensive so some people may not be able to afford it, also it can be hard to change you ways and if your set in a unhealthy routine you will only get more unwell. A new-fashioned survey says 46% of people agreed that there are too many facto rs out side a single persons health. (N, Moonie p123)Attitudes and PrejudicesThis relates to the conceive ideal people have about each other and how they act around different people.Environment FactorsYour environment is all the things around you that affect your health such as housing e.g. if your child has asthma and you have a dusty house it may aggravate the condition and make the child unwell. forcible FactorsThis factor is al about you physical state i.e. healthy according to the government guidelines and whether you have any physical disabilities. If you have a disability it may restrict you from accessing all the services you need. Regular strenuous physical activity has a protective effect for heart disease and stroke, builds bone mass, improves posture and helps temper body weight. Physical activity can also improve mental health and well-being.(All of these factors are from N, Moonie p131-145)InterviewsFirst of all I chose two factors that affect health, which were fina ncial factors and social factors, next I came up with eight questions (five on finance and three on social factors see Appendix 12).After creating the interview I arranged a time with two people and asked them my questions. I started both interviews by saying all the information I get will remain confidential and it will only be employ in my course work.Financial factors1. Does income affect how you want to live your life? some(prenominal) the people I interviewed believed they dont always have enough money to live the life they want but for two separate reasons the first person said my wages are not rising with rate of inflation so this person doesnt believe they earn enough with the cost of things in this country i.e. things cost more because of inflation. The second person said some times I dont have enough money to do the things I want e.g. go away on holiday with my friends. But I am unemployed at the moment so that doesnt help so the reason this person cannot afford the life style they want is because they are unemployed and are currently out of money.2. Or how does your life affect your income?Both the people say their social lives and bills are too expensive so they dont always have the amount of money they want.3. What things do you feel you are unable to access due to your income? Person 1 this person doesnt believe they can access holidays etc. so in other words time to relax and get away. Person 2 this person believes that they are unable to socialise some times because of their income and this is a study part of their life.4. What things do you feel you are able to access due to your income? Both people feel they are able to access all the great and necessary things and the stuff they want to do for themselves.5. Do you think your income affects your health in any way? Both believe that there income doesnt affect their life in any major way.Social Factors6. Do you follow your friends example i.e. peer embrace? Person 1 this person does the things they want to do when they want to do them and doesnt follow their friends example. Person 2 this person says Yes, but not peer pressure so they follow what their friends do but they dont believe there being forced or persuaded to do something they dont want to do.7. Is your family a positive or negative affect on your life and health? Person 1 this person thinks that their family are a positive affect on their life. Person 2 person 2 thinks Yes and no because my family are just annoying and stress me out, but the support me when I need it. deal in most families some things get on each others nerves but when you really need them they are there for you.8. Does your social class affect your life style or health? Person 1 they think there social class doesnt affect their life in any way. Person 2 they think that it does because if they were higher up the ladder they would have more money and be able to do more of the things they want and need.In conclusion my primary resear ch (the interviews) show that the definitions of the two factors I chose are correct and they say the same as the interviewees but in more detail. My definition gathered from research in books etc. this is when you do not earn enough money to get the things you need to survive and be well. If you do not have enough money to get adequate health care you may become unwell this is fundamentalally the same as what the interviewees said i.e. Both the people say their social lives and bills are too expensive so they dont always have the amount of money they want so in other words both the definition and people say they dont all ways have enough money do the things they like or access all the things they need.Plan(Appendix 19)Aims and ObjectivesIn a group of three, me and the other people in my group did a presentation to a thirty-seven different people aged 15 18 in ten different groups about the dangers of smoking. At the beginning and end of each group we gave them a questionnaire to test their knowledge before and later on and we took 12 samples of each from different groups to test if they had learnt anything.We found out that before they only had a basic knowledge about smoking and after(prenominal) they had a more extensive knowledge and knew about smoking and its dangers in better detail. We knew this because we looked at the sample of questionnaires and see how in much more detail they answered the questions. So we must have had an impact on their knowledge and views. However, we didnt change some people views on smoking because they were slightly arrogant and just believed their life was their life. AimsTo produce a presentation to inform people about the dangers of smoking and inform people on ways they can quit e.g. NHS help line.Objectives To know whats offered by the NHS to help quit. By the end they should be able to identify the 3 main diseases caused by smoking and some substances in a cigarette. Raise awareness that smoking kills.Key Tasks/Acti vitiesTo produce Make and collect in before and after questionnaires about smoking. Take part in talking to the people at the presentation. Posters and leaflets. Handouts with second hand smoke, dangers etc Power point presentation with the main major facts about smoking such as second hand smoke, the dangers of smoking, withdrawal symptoms etc. also videos showing the dangers of smoking e.g. NHS adverts from T.V. and shocking things about smokingResultsWhat do you look forward to will change as a yield of your activities? To help people understand the dangers of smoking and hope they change their behaviour as a result of the presentation.MeasuresHow will you measure if the described change is occurring? Has occurred? To measure my presentation and see if the desired results have happened I will look at the before and after questionnaires and see if there knowledge has improved.Evaluation SkillsCommunication skillsI think my communication skills were quite good as I took it in tur ns with the people in my group to talk to people however one of the other people in the group spoke a lot more than the rest. Also because I was working the power point presentation there was a barrier between us all, so people may not have receptive up as much and spoken as much as they might have if it wasnt there.Team Work and Work LoadYes I believe the work load and team fork was shared fairly. Also I think it was appropriate for the people in the group.Resources usedWe used quite a lot of resources such as books like Moonie and the NHS booklets also Ive been on the NHS web site and looked at the stop smoking advice they give.Activities usedThe activities we used to show people about the dangers of smoking are handouts a PowerPoint presentation with videos and a large poster with lots of information on. Also during the presentation we had smallish discussions about the material and answered any question the people had.The EnvironmentWe did the presentation in a class manner wi th the others in our class but there was three different groups doing different things. One of the other groups had a loud video, which sometimes overpowered what we were doing and was a distraction.Also we had 2 change rooms at the start because the room was needed for a test by another class, so we had to move all the equipment and reorganise the set out.Health and SafetyThe only health and social issues I think there were was the electricity we had to use to power every thing however there were floor plugs with caps on and we werent messing about with anything. Also all the cables were hidden out the way so no one could trip over them.Were the Aims and Objectivities Achieved?Yes all the aims and objectives were achieved because we saw from the questionnaires that their knowledge improved and they knew the main diseases and more substances in a cigarette. Also we produced an interesting presentation. For example of questionnaires and to see if the peoples knowledge improved see (A ppendix 17 and 18)Would You Do Anything Differently close Time?If I were doing the presentation again I would use a separate room so there were no interruptions, and I would try and be more involved and speak more.ConclusionIn conclusion there are many things that contribute to people health such as life style, attitudes and prejudices etc. and they affect different people in different ways. This is why we looked at them in detail first because if we didnt fully understand all the things that affect health, we wouldnt have been able to do an affective campaign.

Ethics Essay Essay

The theories of virtue, utilitarianism, and deontology argon similar in some aspects just for the most part are very different. Each of the theories will be explained to show their differences and the type of psyche that would gravitate towards that theory. Through the explanations one would also be able to consider where there moralistics or ethics may lie but can also see themselves in each theory. The Virtue Theory, also know as Virtue Ethics, refers to the character of each person. This theory states that every person should try for excellence.The characteristics of each individual are made up from their environment that they are a part of. The theory would further suggest that it is not defined as a single moment in each individuals sprightliness but their entire life as a whole. In thinking about the Virtue Theory, it can be explained by stating that each person of necessity to be the dress hat they can and avoid the need or ability to hurt others. In Basic ethics Basic et hics in attain it talks about Aristotle and his view on virtue ethics to include characteristics or virtues of an individual.There are some that Aristotle would suggest to be the median or virtues such as courage, self-control, proper emotion, and friendliness to name a few. Reviewing these ideals of what characteristics a person should posses would or could be considered common traits of most individuals in the world today. In the simplistic form the virtue theory is about better one self and the other individuals that are around them. Deontology Theory states that there is a moral duty for one to act no matter the circumstances.This theory is furthered by the thought process of not thinking through any actions or the consequences but because it is action that is taken is right. The word deontology comes from two Greek words, deion+ logos. Deion comes from the particle dei which means must. Logos (in this context) means the account of (Boylan, 2009). In breaking this down, it sho ws that is the account of the musts. In centre one must act on the account of others or for themselves. Deontology theory can be seen within those persons that provide protection for another without question no matter the inherent danger.The will to act is shown through this theory such as that would be considered of the Spartan Army. The Spartan Army would not ask how many a(prenominal) strong are the enemy but where the enemy is. Utilitarianism Theory is one that embodies the thought of taking care of the whole group and not the individual. This theory is a moral theory as we see wanting to make the group better. It can only be our morals to drive us to want what is best for a group. If one person is stronger in writing than another during the course of the project, then the weaker writer may ask the stronger one to take over.It is knowing your personalised weakness and asking or foregoing your own glory to better the group that you are part of. One that can set aside their fe el is a far better person and shows their true sense of morals. In thinking about a personal experience to be discussed in compounding with one of these theories, I keep coming back to the theory of utilitarianism. The reason being that I know I have an alpha personality, meaning that I like to be in control and have the control. I tend to leave this part of me outside the classroom to have a clear distributor point and to allow the learning teams to work more cohesive with the other members.It has been my experience that issues have arisen in each of the groups that I have been a part of. This is every due to lack of participation, inability to communicate or the plain fact of laziness. I have stopped from confronting the team member numerous times in order to keep the team moving in the right direction. Later in the class the issues continue to build and that is when I will confront the person and attempt to deal with the issue. I feel that in setting aside my alpha mentality an d waiting to confront the individual is a way for the progress of the learning team as whole.

Beowulf and the Tempest-Revenge

Revenge Many comparisons can be seen between Shakespeares novel The Tempest and the epic Beowulf. One of the strongest similarities is the idea of revenge. Shakespeares novel occurs basically in order for Prospero to baffle revenge on his enemies from usurping his dukedom. Beowulfs archetype monster, Grendel, starts acting out less due to revenge and more out of pure frustration. His closing though, causes his mother to act on revenge, cleaning one of Hrothgars trusted advisor, Aeschere, causing Beowulf to kill her for revenge. The dragon got mad about a stolen article and burned down Beowulfs home in revenge, and so Beowulf went afterward him.Although they have different motives, both plots are caused greatly because of revenge. In The Tempest, Prosperos brother, Antonio, with the help of his champs Sebastian and Alonso, took over Prosperos dukedom. He was then sent to a delinquent island with just his daughter Miranda for twelve years. Throughout his time on the island, Pros pero continued to delve into his magic books. Along with he gaining new knowledge, he attained a servant Caliban, and an indebted spirit, Ariel. For twelve long years on the empty land Prospero plotted his revenge, something that was made possible due to his newfound knowledge of magic.Finally the day came when his master plan was able to finally become reality. He made a huge storm come, tearing apart the boat that held Antonio, Sebastian, Alonso, his son Ferdinand, and a few others. Ferdinand got separated from the rest and wound up, not coincidently, finding Miranda and falling in love with her. Alonso became distraught thinking his beloved son was dead. Antonio and Sebastian began to plot the death of Alonso. Finally as the novel came to an end, Prospero sent Ariel as a harpy to frighten his brother and the two other men and tell them all they have done wrong. They then were brought to Prospero.Alonso became really apologetic, while Antonio and Sebastian remained uncaring of wh at they had done. Their fate rested in Prosperos hands. This was the plan Prospero had perfected all those years, the perfect revenge plot. At that moment he had all his enemies gathered around him. He couldve killed them or banished them to a foreign land, but he did not. He said, The rarer action is in deservingness than in vengeance. They being penitent, the sole drift of my purpose doth extend not a frown further. Go release them, Ariel. My charms Ill break, their senses Ill restore, and they shall be themselves. (The Tempest, figure out 5, Scene 1, 28-33) He had gotten his revenge, they were sorry, and he was content. Beowulf, though, did not start out like this. The monster Grendel was a descendant of Cain. He was forced to roam the Earth an shipshipwreck survivor due to his ancestor killing his brother Abel for no apparent reason. He heard celebration going on in Heorot and got mad. He hated contentment and noise and celebration because he hated the hand he was dealt in l ife. So as revenge for his own hated life, he decided to wreck the party and make others miserable like himself.He continued to do so for a while, scaring all the Danes, even the most powerful. Finally a daring warrior, Beowulf, came from Geatland. He went to fight with Grendel using no protective gear at all. He managed to kill the ravaging beast. The Danes thought this was finally the end of the disaster that they had been hoping for. But it was not. Grendels mother was furious with Beowulf for killing her son. She was willing to die in order to visit her sons murder. She started to attack everyone. On her rampage in Heorot, she killed Aeschere, male monarch Hrothgars most trusted advisor.The entire kingdom was furious, demanding the death of this horrible monster. Beowulf states to the king Sorrow not, wise warrior. It is better for a man to avenge his friend than much mourn. Each of us must await his end of the worlds life. Let him who may get glory before death that is scoo p up for the warrior after he has gone from life (Beowulf 45). He is saying rather than mourning over Aescheres death, he should just avenge it. So the brave Beowulf once again came to the rescue. She lived under water so that was where he fought her and the place where she met her bitter end. Beowulfs final battle was also due to revenge.The dragon had a valuable cup that had gone missing from the treasures. He was furious and ransacked the entire country, including burning down Beowulfs house. Therefore Beowulf went after the dragon to avenge his lost home. This was his final battle, the fight where he lost his life. Although revenge is a major theme in both The Tempest and Beowulf, their reasons for revenge are very different. Prospero wants revenge in order to get his life back. He was thrown out of his dukedom and onto a deserted island. He wanted his enemies to feel self-reproach and to gain back his dukedom and that was all.In Beowulf it was very different. Everyone wanted r evenge because they were upset and wanted to hurt the nemesis. Grendel was upset with his lineage so he wanted to intercept all happiness so he attacked Heorot. Grendels mother wanted to avenge her sons murder so she too destroyed Heorot, including killing Aeschere. Beowulf and all the Danes wanted to avenge Aescheres murder so he killed Grendels mother. The dragon wanted his treasure back so he raided the country, and Beowulf got gaga and attacked the dragon. Prospero just wanted remorse and he was happy. The characters in Beowulf wanted revenge and payback.

Hawthorne Studies

This essay will review the writings of Hawthorne, the myth of the gentle worker, and class bias in psychology an term by D. Bramel and R. Friend. It will then go on to further critique academic articles that both support and disagree with the primary source and demonstrate how the Hawthorne studies collapse influenced contemporary organizations. The Hawthorne experimental studies conducted at the Western Electric Comp any(prenominal) whole kit has attracted considerable amounts of sharp diminutive scrutiny it has practically become an intellectual battle (Miner, J. 006. p. 68) as it has been interpreted in various ways. The studies aboriginally concluded that social and psychological factors be responsible for workers productivity and job satisfaction. Many psychologists, sociologist and critics attack the explore procedures and criticize the analyses of the information and their conclusions. Bramel and Friend (1981) are a classic example of those exact critics who consider the Hawthorne studies to be contradictive, distorted and overall undeserving of receiving recognition and respect for their query.Bramel and Friends main aim in the article however is to show not simply that Mayos conclusions were unrealistic and politically right but to alternatively demonstrate that in that location is bias at the level of interpretation of the available data (p. 868) and how this had a negative influence in installing the runs, due to the assumption that their workers stick out be manipulated and fooled with ease (p. 869). on that point are many other critics that strongly support the views and opinions presented by Bramel and Friend in regards to the Hawthorne studies and how they consider the research to be insufficient and mis heading.The article Shining New Light on the Hawthorne Illumination Experiments by M. Kawa, M. French, and A. turn off (2011) rein withdraws the arguments that feature in Bramel and Friends work. Like them they agree that the stu dies performed at the Western Company Works provided inconsistent evidence and that all experiments conducted including the results were seriously flawed. Basically they conclude that the inadequacies in the experimental designs tell an sketchy and sometimes inaccurate story and show the inconsistent associations amid on the job(p) conditions and productivity. p. 546) The article Questioning the Hawthorne effect shares the exact same views that were established in Hawthorne the myth of the docile worker. It argues that the data collected from the experiments had never been analyzed rigorously, no systematic evidence was implemented and the inconsistent ways in which the experiments were executed has lead to a misleading interpretation of what happened. (Questioning the Hawthorne Effect, 2009, p. 74)Another article that strongly disapproves of the Hawthorne studies is A. Careys article The Hawthorne Studies a innate Criticism. In Careys (1967) opinion the research conducted is ne arly absent of scientific deserve and the conclusions drawn are supported by so little evidence that its basically unbefitting that the studies have gained a respected place in spite of appearance scientific discipline and have held this place for so long. (p. 403) However Carey does believe the vastness of the studies is really declining.In his opinion later studies are struggling to display any reliable transactionhip between the social satisfaction of industrial workers and their work performance(p. 403). Carey criticizes Mayos get along, research and assumptions and claims that his reports are completely bias and invalid. He states that the Statistical analysis of the relevant data did not show any conclusive evidence in favor of the first hypothesis (p. 405) which makes it extremely severe to develop a correct conclusion.Although there are critics that attack the Hawthorne studies and downplay the work of Mayo and Roethlisberger there is also many others that completely support the research conducted and believe it has been of crucial importance and consider it to be a major intellectual building block of organizational behavior (Miner, J. 2006. p. 68. ) A. Brannigan and W. Zwermans (2001) article the authorized Hawthorne Effect completely disagrees with the arguments that were presented by Bramel and Friend. Their article in contrast strongly supports the Hawthorne studies and emphasizes just how valuable they.Brannigan and Zwerman actually view the studies as being the single most important investigation of the human dimensions of industrial relations in the early 20th century (Brannigan, A. Zwerman, W. 2001. p. 55). They recognize the fact that the Hawthorne studies have received harsh fine disapproval over the decades due to buckramial flaws in the research and experiments conducted. However Brannigan and Zwerman are able to require past that and purely see the innovative ideas that grew around these studies.They express that the main idea should not be undermined by these shortcomings and that sometimes the actual idea itself is more(prenominal) meaningful then the evidence on which it is based. (p. 59). B. Reigers article Lessons in Productivity and People also disagrees with the negative statements that are directed towards the Hawthorne studies. Reigers article aims to show how the studies executed had an enormous influence in the way managers and supervisors now interact with their employees.Which in result has compulsively affected worker productivity, Due to implementing a less mechanical view and paying more prudence to the human influences within the workplace. Not only does Reiger (1995) view the studies as being critical to the positive change in the company and employee relationships but they also provided some clear insights into industrial operations and psychology, in-person management, organizational development and human resources (p. 58).Overall his intention is to show how the studies contribute d to the improvement in manager and employee relationships by providing the employees with respect, attention and recognition will then in turn increase their productivity and efficiency. C. Hall (1984) further backs up the views of Reiger in his article Hawthorne Effects- Still a Potent Supervisory Tool. Although the experiments were conducted decades ago Hall comfort believes that they still have practical prize today. (p. 6).Hall concludes that employees respond with greater job efficiency when they sense that they are being observed or regarded as important valued members of an organization ( p. 6) and that The behavioral approach can positively affect performance, group dynamics, encourage cooperation and overall increase work satisfaction. The Hawthorne Studies and the behavioral approach has compete a major role in shaping todays organizations, from the way manager interact with their employees, the way they map open communication and the way they design motivate jobs we are able to detect elements of the behavioral approach (Robbins, S. Bergman, R.Stagg, I. Coulter, M. 2012. p. 54) Telstras call centers are a classic example of a contemporary organization that has been influenced by the Hawthorne effect and the behavioral approach. Within the center they have managers, supervisors and team leaders that create a working environment that aims to provide a premium employee experience. More specifically their job entails implementing and executing programs, supervising and motivating their workers to ensure that they are effectively completing their tasks and meeting objectives and to basically respect and pay attention to their faculty in order to establish good relations and co operation.The efficient supervision that takes place within the factories has definitely been influenced by the Hawthorne studies. They have recognized through the Hawthorne studies that subtly observing the workers and making them feel handle a valuable member of the compa ny keeps them motivated which in result maximizes employee productivity. The Hawthorne studies has played a fundamental role in the progression of organizational behavior and influenced the positive change in the relationship between managers and their employees.Although there have been flaws and inconsistencies in the ideas, research and conclusions that were developed they are still extremely influential. The results emphasized the value of group dynamics, interaction and applying a humanistic management approach. These factors overall are a crucial force of producing greater effectiveness and productivity in employees. Although there are critics that have attempted to crush the importance of the Hawthorne studies through their harsh criticisms it still has done little to shake the essential validity and influence of the research. (Miner, J. 2006. p. 67) References Bramel, D. & Friend, R. 1981). Hawthorne, the falsehood of the Docile Worker, and Class Bias in Psychology. American Psychologist. 36,8,867-878. Brannigan, A. & Zwerman, W. (2001). The real Hawthorne Effect. Society, 38(2), 55-60. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL. (Document ID 65713065). Carey,A. (1967). The Hawthorne Studies A Radical Criticism. AmericaSociologyReview, 32,3,401-416. Finance and Economics Light Work Questioning the Hawthorne Effect. (2009, June). The economist. 391(8634),74. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL (Document ID 1740340161) Hall, C. (1984). Hawthorne Effects- Still a potent supervisory tool. Supervision, 46 (10), 6.Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL. (Document ID 1322247). Izawa, M. French, M. Hedge, A. (2011). Shining new light on the Hawthorne Illumination experiment. Human Factors, 53,528. Retrieved from schoolman Research Library. (Document ID 2532057371). Miner, J. (2006) Organization Behavior 3 Historical Origins, Theoretical Foundations and the Future. America ME Sharpe. Reiger, B. (1995). Lessons in productivity and people. upbringing and development, 49 (10), 56. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL. (Document ID 7011573). Robbins, S. Bergman, R. Stagg, I. Coulter, M. (2012) Management 6th Edition. Sydney Pearson Australia Group.