Hitlers Foreign Policies

Hitlers Foreign Policies Ultimately Hitlers determination to transform European society brought war and destruction to Europe in 1939. Though not necessarily the war he was planning for; evidence suggests that Hitler was preparing Germany for conflict with Russia. This indication would consist of economic output towards the end of the 1930s for example, according to Anthony Wood in Europe 1815-1945, the output of steel in 1935 stood at 16.1 million metric tonnes; this by far out produced the superpowers steel industry and could imply the planning for military conflict. Hitlers policies based on lebensraum and the establishment of a racial empire on East European and Russian soil were without doubt ruthless, but did they make the Second World War unavoidable? The extent to which Hitlers foreign policies made the Second World War inevitable has constantly been under contention. A J P Taylor argues Hitler was just an average western leader, and the Second World War was at the fault of many rather than solely Hi tlers foreign policy. According to Ian Kershaw, Hitler defines his foreign policy as the art of securing for a people, the necessary quantity and quality of lebensraum Deflated from the effects of The Treaty of Versailles, German economy was crippled, the army was reduced, and they suffered from loss of Land. Germany was desperate to revoke the Treaty which brought it to its knees, and unite all German speaking countries. In protest, Hitler began a course of secret conscription, written in Mein Kampf, Hiter justified this action, Especially your people, doomed to languish along unarmed beneath the thousand eyes of the Versailles peace treaty' This action can be seen as a trigger, contributing to making the Second World War inevitable as surrounding countries felt threatened by Hitler and his determination to reverse the damages of the Treaty of Versailles. Another breach of the Treaty Hitler was able to embark on was his creation of the Air force the Luftwaffe, Taylor agrees that th e treaty is a cause of the war, Second world war was cause by the first world war, the armistice, or the Versailles treaty. Mein Kampf is a crucial element into understanding the reasons behind Hitlers foreign policy, and being able to assess if they made the Second World War inevitable. Introduced within the text, Hitler establishes the need to achieve aims in which he sees as vital to the success of the Third Reich. Hitler sought to destroy the Treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany after the defeat in World War One. Hitler felt the Treaty was unfair and most Germans supported this view. Uniting all German speakers together in one country would strengthen Germany, as after World War One there were Germans living in many countries spread across Europe. Hitler hoped that by uniting them together in one country he would create a powerful Germany or Grossdeutschland. Finally, Hitler wanted to expand his ideology and population into the East to gain land and vital resources for German y, for example the tank producing factories in Czechoslovakia would prove vital if Hitler was planning for war. By signing non-aggression pacts, Hitler gave the impression he had peaceful intentions which would prevent a war. For example the alliance with the Poles, who felt threatened should Germany attempt to win back the Polish Corridor. This could suggest a triumph for Hitler, as it was evidence of peaceful negotiations which would give reason for Britain to follow a policy of appeasement. Moreover this ensured Hitler was guaranteed Polish neutrality whenever Germany should move against Austria and Czechoslovakia. However, according to John Weitz in his book Hitlers diplomat, Hitler had mentioned a definite solution to the Donzig and corridor problems. This questions if Hitler had an overall plan to attack Poland. Neville Chamberlains policy of appeasement could be seen as a mistake which eventually contributed to the Second World War as, Appeasement was partly the result of a h istory lesson too well learned. After The First World War, Europe was left devastated. Chamberlain was keen to avoid another war and sympathised with Hitler and the severity of the Treaty of Versailles upon Germany. Hitler was able to exploit Britain, as he knew they would appease and compromise with Hitler to avoid another War. Thus Hitler could fulfil his aims without the threat of immediate military intervention, Taking full advantage of appeasement the Nazis moved swiftly to annex German Austria in March 1938. The naval agreements between Britain and Germany reiterate the failure of appeasement and its role in contributing to the Second World War, Both Britain and France were reluctant to take stronger stands against German rearmament for fear that this would give the Germans all the more reason to refuse to cooperate in international efforts to maintain peace. Hitler was able to build up strength of the Navy and the Air Force. Foreign Policy encompassed the importance of racia l purity and the need for a nation to be prepared to compete with its neighbours in a fierce, uncompromising and constant struggle to survive and expand into Eastern Europe. Present in Mein Kampf, this expansion was to give extra living space to the Aryan Master Race. For example, Hitler discusses that Germany must find the courage to gather our people and their strength for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present restricted living space to new land and soil The occupation of Russia would ultimately give him living space which would provide resources for the German population and an area, in which the excess German population could settle and colonise. An additional advantage Hitler saw was that communism would be destroyed. Most historians are in cohesion that Hitler and his foreign policy caused the Second World War, However, A.J.P. Taylor, claims that Hitler never intended a major war and at most was prepared for only a limited war against Poland. Ho wever this claim is widely rejected throughout the differing interpretations. Germanys constant rhetorical on Russia is crucial to the debate. Russia was rich in raw materials such as oil which is vital for any country planning to wage war. Through realisation that Russia would solve internal problems, strengthen it militarily, and enable Germany to become economically self-sufficient by adding food and other raw material sources, The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact is essential within this argument. The Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union had its advantages for both countries involved. The pact meant that Germany was safe from threat of Russia and communism, but in a secret appendix Eastern Europe was divided into German and Soviet spheres of influence, fascism was safe from destruction whilst this bided time for Russia to prepare for a war. Realising the strength of the French Empire and their colonies, Hitler saw Russia as a temporary ally, until this pact was b roken when Hitler invaded Russia in 1941. Another alliance signed was the Rome Berlin Axis, surrounding countries such as Poland were threatened as the aims of this threatened as territorial expansion and foundation of empires based on military conquest and the overthrow of the post-World War I international order; and to stop the spread of communism throughout Europe. The occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany revealed to Hitler the weaknesses of the allies decision making and tested how far they would be pushed before they would intervene with military action. The events leading up to the union revealed fragments in the Foreign policy of Britain and France who yet again did nothing to protest Hitlers aggressive foreign policy British attitudes were a key factor in the other problem Taylor cites, unity. It also it dealt a severe strategic blow at Czechoslovakia which could now be attacked from the south as well as from the West and North. Another example in which Hi tler recognised is the Abyssinian crisis which Britain and France failed to react towards Mussolini It had already been manifested in their reluctance to wage a full scale economic war on fascist Italy during the Abyssinian crisis, this gave Hitler the opportunity to remilitarize the Rhineland, free from threat from the other western powers, Hitlers coup in the Rhineland the vacillating recognisable pattern of weakness Hitler had given the instruction that if they met any resistance, to withdraw however none was met, And France made no move. This shows the allies as inconsistent, and seemed to be more interested in their own domestic policy rather than foreign policy, most people had the failures of their own government and the everyday worries of trying to cope with economic misery. The Hossbach Memorandum can be used as evidence that Hitler had planned for war and revenge, which would therefore suggest that Hitlers hostile foreign policies made the Second World War inevitable. Thr ough this memorandum Hitlers motives becomes clear. The aim of German policy was to preserve the racial community and gain space; this is mentioned within his works, Mein Kampf. Germany used an aggressive foreign policy force to secure the goals, his successes in foreign policy down to 1938 derived in the main from this bullys intuition, coupled with his instinctive gamblers risk This memorandum has two confliction interpretations, There have been two interpretations of this memorandum, Hugh Trevor-Roper suggest that this was Hitlers scheme for war, The Second World War was Hitlers personal war in many senses. He intended it, he prepared for it, he chose the moment for launching it whereas A.J.P. Taylor disagrees and suggests Little can be discovered so long as we go on attributing everything that happened to Hitler In conclusion, the extent to which Hitlers foreign policies made the Second World War inevitable is open to much debate. A J P Taylor argues Hitler was just an average w estern leader and the foreign policy he shaped would have been similar to that of any other German leader. The Treaty of Versailles acted as a catalyst which ultimately created more problems than in solved. Taylor argues that it was the fault of many events and different leaders, whereas other historians such as Hugh Trevor-Roper suggest that Hitlers foreign policy was fully intent on making the Second World War inevitable. The allies took a stance of non intervention, which could be argued as too little action too late, their policy of appeasement had failed and with it the League of Nations. The evidence put forward would suggest that the aggressive stance in foreign policy that Hitler portrayed was ultimately the last straw in a series of events and different circumstances which led to the destruction of the Second World War.

Spanish Power in the Americas

Spanish Power in the Americas What were the principle features of Spanish power in the Americas? Can it properly be described as an empire? To answer this question, in this essay, the historical background of Spanish power in the America will first be introduced briefly. Then, the principle features of its power in Americas will be demonstrated. For the second part of the question, to answer this, the features of an empire will first be explicitly interpreted. Then, by comparing the features of Spanish power in Americas and features of a typical empire, we can tangibly describe that Spanish power in Americas was indeed an empire. An Overview Back to the medieval era of Iberia peninsula, when Ferdinand II of Aragon married the Queen of Castile, Isabella, the two Crowns became known as the Catholic Monarchs. Then, the alignment of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon emerged a political authoritarian system, which then be known as the Spanish monarchy[1]. As the Crown of Castile funded the voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Spanish monarchy took the leading into the Age of Exploration. With the followed Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spanish expanded its power all over the world step by step, and its prosperities of political and economic power emerged from 16th to 18th centuries during the Habsburgs dynasty of Spain. The so called empire was eventually controlled by the Spanish Crown and governed territories and in Europe, America, established colonies in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Over persisted for three centuries, the Spains Empire’s power was diminished by Napoleon’s conquest in 1808, and lost lots of colonies. After Spain defeated in the Spanish–American War in 1898, Spain gave up its power in the Caribbean and the Pacific areas, and lost its dominance in global affairs[2]. Principle Features The Spanish power in Americas did have its features, so did any other political power. Each of the power has its own features such as reasons of emerging, time of starting, group people who are driven, and range of influence. Taking Spanish power in Americas as an example, reason of it emerging was taking advantages of Age of Exploration, seeking overseas fortunes; time of starting was late of 15th centuries; group people who are driven were Spaniards and their allies, range of influence was staring from Americas, eventually impacted on global extent. These indeed were the features of Spanish power, which give us a most intuitively objective view of it. Based on these aspects of features, other political powers such as Roman Empire, British Empire as well as Portuguese Empire can also be introduced. However, these features could not more effectively to distinct them from one of other. It has a similar insufficiency that to describe Japanese as they have black eyes and yellow skin, bu t could not differentiate them from Chinese. At least, based on their differences in languages, which are Japanese and Mandarin, and their unlikeness of their culture, such as believe in Shintoism or Confucianism, these two groups of people can possibly be well distinguished. So do political powers such as Spanish empire. What on earth to differentiate Spanish power from the similar power, such as English power at the same era and venues, would actually be the principle features of it. Therefore, in order to answer the question that â€Å"what were the principle features of Spanish power in the Americas?† features of Spanish power in a deeper essence will be demonstrated in this section. 1. Collaboration The first principle feature of Spanish power is highly dependent on collaboration. The Spaniards like all other people in the history, they were eager to prove their distinction and prowess. With the bravery of taking the risks of ventures, they eventually possess the great fortune of the New World. However, what they have of their own, are purely perseverance. British historian Henry Kamen mentioned in his work, that the Spain was a poor country; its power was never based on its own resources or its own contribution[3]. Evidence of this comment can be found at the very start of Spanish power in Americas. Although in 1492, Castile was already competing with Portugal to discover the Far East through sea-lane, they could not constitute their own venture team. Only when a Genoese sailor, Christopher Columbus attempted to reach Cipangu by sailing west, the Catholic Monarchs finally found the ideal proxy. With negotiation and offered funds, Catholic Monarchs somehow expand their authoriti es nominally by commissioning Christopher Columbus as a Spanish viceroy and governor of the lands he already founded as well as those he could reach from then on[4]. Followed in the effective way of Columbus, the conquistador, the Spanish Monarchs applied military power in colonization of America. Although the Catholic Monarchs found the military forces were vital to maintain their advantages in Americas, the Castilians were more willing to let others defend and exploit the empire for them[5]. The, the most effective way that Spaniards came up was manoeuvring powers of nations that with hostility, the indigenous peoples who were rivals, and tribes that were competing with each other. In order to defeat their powerful enemies, some of the nations, indigenous people and tribes have to align with the Spanish, howbeit the Spanish was borrowed power from them. Through this way, Spaniards could circumspectly keep the power to conquer and rule the land they found. Besides borrowed the mili tary forces from others, Spaniards were never offering an innovation advantage such as agriculture or architecture technique from Europe to savage Americas. Kamen argued that the only reason why Spain could leap to an empire was because it receive capital, labours from all other associated people, â€Å"without the help of allies, the Spaniards would have had neither the soldiers nor the ships nor the money to achieve what they did.†[6] Their effort was foresight changes of technology, biology, and economy, and brought their colonies into these processes. Spaniards were the catalysts that enable others development. With sharing the mutual interests with Spaniards, the Spanish power had the association to become empire. 2. Catholicism Superiority During conflict between Catholics and Protestants emerged in Europe in 16th centuries, the devotional Spaniards saw the new-founded world was an ideal place to baptize more new Catholics. As they regard the Americas as a barbarian world, their Catholicism superiority endow them with a mission besides the exploiting, which was â€Å"reducing the savage people to Christianity and civility.†[7] More opinionatedly, the Spaniards judged whether people were uncivilized or not based on whether they have true faith to Christian God. However, as last, the Spanish believe the god do not abandoned the unconverted barbarian, they were passionate to be the missionaries. The intensity of Spaniards to convert indigenous people to Christianity is the way of Catholic Monarchs of their spiritual preoccupation. In this way, Spaniards would easier to maintain its imperial domination of their colonies. 3. Linguistic and Anthropological Integration Unlike other colonial power, although Spaniards discriminated people in the New World religiously, they were still willing to integrate with Americas locals in comprehensive ways such as language and intermarriages. No matter how Henry Kamen accentuated in his work that Spaniards were totally failed in language integration in Americas[8], the reality we could not ignore is, with the fact that the Spanish language is the official or national language of 19 countries in the Americas and totally at least 418 million native speakers in the Hemisphere, the Spanish language is indeed the second most widely spoken language in the world presently[9]. Doubtless, this is due to the intended linguistic integration in the era of Spanish Americas. The Spanish also reduced linguistic pluralism and aggregate the multiple tribal languages to Nahuarl in order to further introduce Spanish. â€Å"Language has always been the companion of empire† said be Antonio de Nebrjia when he first learnt th e Castilian in 1492[10]. Besides linguistic integration, one more efficient way to strengthen the integration from both linguistic and religious, mentioned in previous paragraph, is anthropological integration. The way of the integration was inter-ethnic marriage. In the year of 1503, the new governor Nicolas de Ovando received instruction from the Catholic Monarchs, â€Å"try to get some Christian men to marry Indian women, and Christian women to marry Indian men, so that they can communicate with each other, and the Indian can be indoctrinated in our Holy Catholic Faith.†[11] The method of indiscriminately blending races and culture inherent magnified the influence of Spanish empire domination, that in the present world, people in this hemisphere have lived in highly diversification. A Proper Empire To briefly answer the second part of question, which whether the Spanish power in Americas can properly be described as an empire, the answer should be certain. In order to well explain this conclusion, the typical empire with its essential features would firstly be introduced in this section. In the followed part, by drawing the comparison between Spanish powers to the typical empire, it would be more convincing that Spanish power in Americas was an empire. What is an empire? Maier in his work gave the proper description. In the classical sense, it is believed that firstly, the power has its desire to expand its domination by introducing conquest. Secondly, the power requests its territories maintain their political loyalty to their suzerain[12]. In the case of Spanish power in Americas, it is obviously that Spaniards had the desire to expand its territories and gain fortune from the land they newly discovered. Hence, the Catholic Monarchs would fund Christopher Columbus as their proxy threw themselves into the wave of age of exploration. Besides Columbus was funded by the Catholic Monarchs, more importantly, he was commissioned as official and governed the land, including rights to exploit, to settle, and the privilege to taxing. All of these were under the authority and sovereignty of the Crown of Castile. Moreover, the crown quickly cancelled its supporting of Columbus and suspend his privileges, then turned to apply more direct cont rol from the Crown over the territory. The way that the Catholic Monarchs enhancing its sovereignty was by changing the governors in the Americas frequently. After Columbus, Francisco de Bobadilla appointed as governor of the Indies with civil rights, however, he was soon replaced by Nicolà ¡s de Ovando in September 1501[13]. Hereby the Crown would tighten its control in the new territories. Hence the Spanish power enhanced its territories loyalty to their suzerain, represented by the Catholic Monarchs, which was the typical model of empire. With its blooming imperialism, more and more Spanish colonies were established on the land of Americas sequentially that New Granada was founded in the 1530s, Lima pointed as the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1535, Buenos Aires was established in 1536 and followed by Santiago in 1541[14]. Therefore, the Spanish empire that established starting on the hemisphere of Americas actually became the first one that been called â€Å"the empire on which the sun never sets†. Another aspect of a political power to become empire or imperialism which Maier demonstrated is, the empire power formulate an imperial economic system between the dominated empire and its territories, â€Å"economic development and commercial ties must ultimately spell the end of conquest and militarism†[15]. The Spanish power established the imperialism economy in Americas mainly through the sliver exploitation. As the medieval aristocrats in Spain prejudicially regarded manual work as dishonourable way to live, they had no interests to develop their economy and cumulate their fortune through the commerce of production of manufactures or the improvement of agriculture. What they fascinated in is exploiting the vast amount of silver mines from Americas. The excessive investment of labour and aspiration in importing silver eventually made Spanish lack of power to produce goods for living domestically, resulted as they were ultimately relying on foreign sources of raw materials and manufactured goods. Thus, in its imperialism economy, the colonizer snatched silver and gold from Americas, used part of it to trade necessary manufactured goods such as tea and silks from Arabic and later on China. By the end of 16th century, silver from the Americas took 20% of Spains total budget[16]. Even the worlds silver stock was boosted for two to three times because of the increasing amount of silver was unmined from the Americas. Official records of Spain indicate that more than three out of four of the silver was imported from the Americas to Spain and only less than a quarter of the silver was taken across the Pacific shipping to China[17]. This was how the imperialism economy established by Spanish to force the resources and labour serve the Spanish empire. Conclusion The principle features of Spanish power in Americas was collaborate with its allies, spread Catholicism faith through sermon, applied linguistic and anthropological integration by enhance inter-ethnic marriages. Spanish power in Americas was certainly empire force, as it expanded its domination by conquering territories across the hemisphere and strengthened the political loyalty of its territories to their suzerain, which was the Spanish Crown. Bibliography C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.24-77. Conquest in the Americas at the Wayback Machine, October 28, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20091028035130/http:/encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575057_13/Spain.html (accessed on 1th May,2015) Diego-Fernà ¡ndez Sotelo, Rafael (1987). Las capitulaciones colombinas El Colegio de Michoacà ¡n A.C. pp.143–145 Farazmand, Ali (1994). Handbook of bureaucracy. M. Dekker. pp.12–13 Gonzalo Sebastià ¡n Paz (2012). China, United States and Hegemonic Challenge in Latin America: An Overview and Some Lessons from Previous Instances of Hegemonic Challenge in the Region. The China Quarterly, Vol.209, pp.18-34 H Kamen (2014), Spain: 1469-1714 A Society of Conflict. Chapter 1, pp.1. Pearson Education. H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, pp. 487-512. Penguin Press. J.Elliott, S.Newman and A.McFarlane (2010), Revolutions! US and Spanish American Independence Movements Compared, Eccles Centre, British Library J.H.Elliott (2006), Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830, ‘Confronting Native Peoples’, Yale, pp.66, Mann, Charles C. (2012). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Random House Digital, Inc. pp.33–34 McAlister, Lyle N. (1984), Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. pp.69 Parry, John Horace (1966). The Spanish Seaborne Empire . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp.202–203. P.Seed (2001), ‘Sustaining Political Identities: The Moral Boundary between Nations and Colonizers’, Ch.7 of American Pentimento. The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches, Minnesota, pp.113-134 Spanish Language Facts. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2010-11-06 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Spanish_language.aspx#1O29-SPANISH (accessed on 1th May) [1] H Kamen (2014), Spain: 1469-1714 A Society of Conflict. Pearson Education. Chapter 1, pp.1. [2] Gonzalo Sebastià ¡n Paz (2012). China, United States and Hegemonic Challenge in Latin America: An Overview and Some Lessons from Previous Instances of Hegemonic Challenge in the Region. The China Quarterly, Vol.209, pp.21 [3] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp. 488-489. [4] McAlister, Lyle N. (1984). Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. U of Minnesota Press. p.69 [5] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp.490 [6] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp.489 [7] J.H.Elliott (2006), Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830, ‘Confronting Native Peoples’, Yale, pp.66 [8] H.Kamen (2002), Conclusion: The Silence of Pizarro’, in Spain’s Road to Empire. The Making of a World Power 1492-1763, Penguin, pp.499 [9] Spanish Language Facts. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2010-11-06 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Spanish_language.aspx#1O29-SPANISH (accessed on 1th May) [10] C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.31. [11] J.H.Elliott (2006), Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830, Yale, ‘Confronting Native Peoples’,pp.81 [12] C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.24. [13] Diego-Fernà ¡ndez Sotelo, Rafael (1987). Las capitulaciones colombinas El Colegio de Michoacà ¡n A.C. pp.143–145 [14] Parry, John Horace (1966). The Spanish Seaborne Empire . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp.202–203. [15] C.Maier (2006), `What is an Empire?’ in Among Empires. American Ascendency and its Predecessors, Harvard, pp.48. [16] Conquest in the Americas at the Wayback Machine, October 28, 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20091028035130/http:/encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575057_13/Spain.html (accessed on 1th May,2015) [17] Mann, Charles C. (2012). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Random House Digital, Inc. pp.33–34

Daniel Defoe and Robinson Crusoe :: Defoe Robinson Crusoe Essays

Daniel Defoe was an extraordinary man. Although he never had the benefit of a university education, he spoke six languages and was able to read even more. His curriculum included having been a government spy, a shopkeeper, and a journalist. As the latter, he was employed by both major parties. Of course, serving two lord is impossible, so after he got into trouble with both of these parties, he turned to writing as another means of living. The first major difference between Defoe's work and most other books dating from this time is that Robinson Crusoe is really entertaining, quite exhilarating and at times even amusing to read. This is in sharp contrast to most contemporary novels which stuck to a Spartan diet of unreality and dullness, their only charm lying in the complete strangeness to anything human. Basically, most stories at the time were chronicles of wonderful, magical events, not even attempting to resemble human life at all. Robinson Crusoe was one of the first few books to have characters with whom a reader could actually identify. Therefore, it was very popular and this idea of recognition of oneself in a character in a book is nowadays only discussed when it fails, implying that it now has become a natural 'recipe' for writing any book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most of today's popsongs become 'hits' due to a hook; a melodic chorus or instrumental piece which basically does not need to convey any meaning whatsoever. Its only function is to keep the listener listening. Defoe also had grasped the idea of a hook. Only his is fairly bigger, namely about 10 pages, than your average popsong-hook, which contains 4-5 words, if any... For sometimes the lyrics are degraded to a repeated monosyllabic sound. Defoe put this theory into practice in Robinson Crusoe. First, he has Robinson's father lecture him on `the middle station' which is apparently `the best state in the world.' Of course, this little section is only needed to charm his middle-class audience. By refusing his father's ideas, Robinson already seems like an ungrateful son in the eyes of the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Defoe adds more Christian morals as Robinson sinks deeper into sin. He drinks his repentance away after his first encounter with a storm, he refuses to listen to the captain who tells him 'you ought to take this for a plain and visible token that you are not to be a seafaring man.

Democracy Vs Dictatorship :: essays research papers

Imagine the next time you step into the voting booth your ballot only lists one candidate to choose from. Or perhaps your ballot lists four candidates, but they are all from the Liberal party. Dictatorships are one party political systems that are ruled by one leader or an elite group of people under the principle of authoritarianism. Some feel that dictatorships are the most effective form of government because decisions are made quickly and extreme nationalism benefits the military and economy. These individuals value order, nationalism, and authority. However, these systems often result in violence, repression of the public, and few provisions for changes to the system. Democracies are multiparty political systems that rest on the principle of rule by the people. Most people that live in democracies have civil liberties1, and political rights2. Individuals who feel that multiparty systems are the best government value equality, accountability, and freedom. Nations that have multi party political systems will meet the needs of the public better through the means of political equality, a higher standard of living3, and civil liberties. Dictatorships often occur when a nation is economically and politically unstable. An example of this is Napoleon’s coup d’ etat in 1799 France. In a system of authoritarian rule decisions are made efficiently because very few people are involved in the decision making process. The leader or elite group at the head of the government decides on new policies and economic measures, then makes sure that the public abides by them by using tactics of force and indoctrination. Dictatorial systems have helped nations recover from economic turmoil many times in the past. The extreme nationalism that is born from propaganda and government sponsored youth organizations encourages people to work harder for the benefit of their country. Newly motivated work forces easily meet their production goals. If the leader of a dictatorship is capable the country can rise to hold a great amount of international power. Building up the military is an important step to gain power. A strong milita ry will discourage other countries from attacking and also discourage the citizens of the country from rebelling. The force of nationalism, and new laws that can be easily passed regarding education (such that every male of a certain age must serve time in the military) allow military strength of dictatorships to multiply. The Soviet Union experienced a dictatorial system from 1917 to 1985.

The Awakening :: essays research papers

-Compare/contrast Edna's love for Leonce, Robert, and Arobin. Throughout the novel, it became increasingly obvious of Edna's difficulty in the field of true love. She had initially found what she knew wasn't, followed by infatuation, and finally what she was sure was. Several different forms of love were present, yet each (including the final) proved to be unsuccessful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edna never felt comfortable in her relationship with Leonce. She had managed to assume the typical role of a female and never stray from her responsibilities that come with that. She had always done what was expected of her from her husband. However, this did not initiate solely with her husbands wants. She had always followed through with doing exactly what she has been expected to do; including finding a husband in someone that she was not in love with. He found more ownership in her, rather than equality in which she was longing for. She was never satisfying in the relationship that she had with him. The love that she had for him was merely present on the surface. It could best be described as a life that she was confined to living rather than the life that she had always yearned for. With the winds of change came a person that she found contrasting to her current life. This man was Alcee Arobin. His role in her life was not true love either. He merely introduced the taste of tangible love to a searching body. This love was not the kind that Edna was longing for either. Arobin's role was to introduce her to the importance of sex. This was something that was foreign between her and her husband. She felt more like an individual when she was enjoying the act of love making, rather than acting on account of someone else's pleasure. This affair was important to her becoming an individual. The entire pre-Robert time was in preparation to finding him. Arobin's importance was evident with Edna's actions immediately following this affair. She decided to close her house up and move to a smaller, less desirable one. The fact that it is less desirable is a key factor. This makes it impossible to assume that she was moving out to live a better material life. She decided that s he would sacrifice her good life and possessions in order to fully acquire individualism. Edna's true love was found in a person that appeared to have the most character.

Business Writing: Memoranda Essay

Currently, our policy provides for three kinds of leaves – Vacation Leave, Sick Leave and Bereavement Leave. There is no provision for Emergency Leaves and are deducted on a â€Å"no work, no pay† basis. For those who do not want outright deduction, consideration is given such that, upon request, these are deducted later and applied under our Sick Leave policy rule. In consideration of a request formalized through our Suggestion Box regarding absences which have to be taken due to an emergency, we are pleased to advise you that the following adjustment in the Personnel Policies of Smith, Smith and Smith regarding Vacation Leaves will be made effective from 01 October 2006: ARTICLE 7 VACATION LEAVE The Company shall grant an Annual Vacation Leave with pay of 30 days per calendar year for all regular employees who have rendered one (1) full year of continuous service. A maximum of five (5) days out of these 30 days can be applied as Emergency Leave. An Emergency Leave is defined as leave taken due to unforeseen circumstances such as sickness in the family limited to spouse, children, parents, grandparents, siblings or parents-in-law and events due to force majeure. However, if the said employee entitled thereto fails to use the same vacation leave within a year, she/he shall forfeit the same Vacation Leave. Moreover, any leaves taken beyond what is provided shall be on a no work, no pay basis. If the employee is prevented by the company from taking leave, this rule shall not be applicable. Furthermore, management reserves the right to put any employee on forced vacation leave to give effect thereto. We trust that the above addresses one of our common concerns. Thank you for your support and cooperation.

Countee Cullen’s Poem Incident Essay

Probably the most underrated African American poet of his time, Countee Cullen is a very rebellious protester themed writer who is all about securing the rights and dignity of black people and uses that very passion to fuel his poetry. In the poem â€Å"Incident†, Cullen uses a mixture of rhetorical devices which he incorporates into his ironic rhythmic syntax to help emphasize to readers the effect of racism had on children living in the early -mid 1900’s, a big time of racism. Written in 1925, Cullen used this poem as a way for him to vent his feelings and frustration and inform the ignorant all at the same time. The poem talks about a young African American boy who is excited that he is visiting Baltimore and while there he comes across another young boy that is his same age and size but he is white and then the young boy is surprised by a powerful and crude racial slur. The poem is not as head as Cullen makes it seems, it is actually an ironic poem. The first hint o f irony is found early in the poem â€Å"Now I eight and very small/And he was no whit bigger† (5-6). A reader would think that the racist bullying would come from someone bigger than the kid in the poem when in all actuality it was from someone his own size, and that’s exactly what Cullen is trying to show, that racism came from all ages and happened between all spectrums of ages, a teen and an adult, an adult and a child, anyone. The Spencer 2 irony does not stop there, you see another glance of it in the last stanza, â€Å"And he was no whit bigger†(6). In the poem wit is spelled W.H.I.T but, the correct spelling of wit is W.I.T and this is no spelling error, this is actually a small pun Cullen uses to help emphasize his racial theme. It’s as if Cullen takes the â€Å"E† off of white and if it’s put back it’s â€Å"No white-bigger†. Cullen used this play on words to show the mental deception that was used by white people used to make themselves seem intellectually superior. Not only is the content of this poem unique, but so is the structure. In the first stanza the syllables of each line alternate 8 and 6, then for the rest of the poem alternates 8 and 7. This unique syllable structure gives the poem a rhythmic under tone of joy, which in turn when it mixed with the content and theme of racism brings out more of the poem’s irony which is one of the main style focuses of th is poem. Cullen’s inspirations of his life and passions are definitely evident in this poem. First off the location of the poem was set in Baltimore, MD and although much of Cullen’s early biographical information is shady and unclear, Baltimore has said to be one of Cullen’s possible birth places which is hinted in the poem, â€Å"Once riding in old Baltimore†(1). Another key connection is that Cullen lived in a time period where racism and segregation was a very popular idea so an incident such as the one in the poem occurring to Cullen is a very strong possibility. Cullen’s unique writing stlye and complex syntax that is shown in his poem Incident is what made him one of the best writers of his time, and although the topic of the poem is still a touchy subject for most Incident is a poem that has been and will be a poem worth reading for centuries. Works Cited Cullen, Countee. Magill’s Survey of American Literature: Pasadena: Salem Press, 2007, print, V.2